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Sistema de gestión para optimizar el consumo de agua en Quebrada Blanca
(Universidad de Chile, 2019)
más agua fresca en la operación de lixiviación como son la Aglomeración y el Riego donde se recorren ambos procesos aplicando experimentalmente cada una de los cuatro pilares del sistema de gestión. Para el proceso de Aglomeración, se concluye que la...
Optimización del riego en paltos y cítricos
(Universidad de Chile, 2020)
futuro del país. Su contenido tiene el propósito de clarificar conceptos y entregar las bases para optimizar el uso del recurso hídrico de estos cultivos, al mejorar la condición física del suelo y aumentar la eficiencia de los sistemas productivos...
Influencia de la aplicación de biosólidos sobre la biodisponibilidad de elementos traza (Cu, Cr, Ni Y Zn) en suelos, determinada a travéz de un método predictivo (DGT) y bioensayos con plantas de maravilla (Helianthus annuus)
(Universidad de Chile, 2014)
Una de las opciones que actualmente se está dando a los lodos estabilizados o biosólidos, es su aplicación en suelos agrícolas debido al alto contenido de materia orgánica, macro y micro nutrientes necesarios para el crecimiento de plantas, por esta...
One of the use options that currently is being given to the stabilized sludge or biosolids, is their application in agricultural soils due to the high content of organic matter, macro and micro nutrients required for plant growth, therefore, biosolids can be beneficially co-used as fertilizer on agricultural land or in the recovery of degraded soils. However, biosolids have heavy metals and other organic pollutants that can contribute to the soils contamination, and through of this medium, to reach to groundwater and agricultural land. To assess on the soil, the environmental effect of a contaminant, it is necessary knowing its bioavailable fraction. The bioavailable fraction determination is important in evaluating the risk of contamination, and can be estimated by various methods, one of them is the sequential extraction procedure, which involves the use of different reagents, to obtain the metal form, which is associated with different components of the soil. Bioavailability is usually determined through living systems, which help to study the level and/or impact of the pollutants on the environment, which requires more work and time. For this reason, new techniques have been developed, to simulate this parameter faster and equally reliable: the technique of diffusion gradient in thin film (DGT) employs a cation exchange resin Chelex, a diffusive gel and filter membrane in a plastic device, so that the ions diffuse through the filter and to achieve diffusive resin gel and thus, mimic metal uptake by the plant. To relate the metal concentration in the resin with bioavailability, a computational model DIFS (DGT Induced Fluxes in Soils and Sediments) that quantifies the response of DGT in relation to the diffusion characteristics of the soil and the rate of supply from the solution to solid phase. This study assessed the influence of biosolid application to soil at various rates,: 0, 30, 90 and 200 Mg ha-1, on bioavailability of some trace elements (Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn) in agricultural soils of the Metropolitan Region. Three methods were used to determine the metal bioavailability in soils: bioassay with sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus), the first fraction of a sequential extraction procedure (BCR) and diffusion gradient in thin films technique (DGT). Excepting Ni, metal concentrations, in the biosolids are under of the limits allowed by the Chilean regulation (DS-4, 2009), to be applied to agricultural soils as a method of disposal. The metal concentration in the biosolid and soils increases in the following order: Ni < Cu < Cr < Zn , and Ni < Cr < Cu < Zn respectively. The results in the sequential extraction procedure showed that the metals are mainly found in the residual fraction of the soil, the application of biosolids generally decreased this fraction, while there was an increase in the acid soluble fraction or labile fraction, usually associated with the bioavailability. The contents of trace elements in plants grown in the soils studied, increased with increasing biosolids rates, applied to soils.CE for Cu, determined with DGT technique, decreased with increasing biosolid rate, however, CE for Cr, Ni and Zn increased by the biosolids rate applied at different soils. The results obtained for metal contents in sunflower plants, the concentration in the acid soluble fraction through sequential extraction procedure, and the CE determined by DGT-DIFS technique, were compared using an analysis of simple regression, to assess the efficiency of these techniques respect of the metal bioavailability estimation in soils. The metal content in plants and CE showed a good correlation only for Zn in Lampa soil (R = 0,862), the correlation coefficient for Cr and Zn in the Lampa soil, was achieved by comparing the metals content in the plants and the acid soluble fraction, was 0,879 and 0,941 respectively, while in other soils, were obtained correlation coefficients no significant. However, the comparison with the acid-soluble fraction and CE shown the best correlation coefficients for Cr, Ni and Zn in the three soils studied...
One of the use options that currently is being given to the stabilized sludge or biosolids, is their application in agricultural soils due to the high content of organic matter, macro and micro nutrients required for plant growth, therefore, biosolids can be beneficially co-used as fertilizer on agricultural land or in the recovery of degraded soils. However, biosolids have heavy metals and other organic pollutants that can contribute to the soils contamination, and through of this medium, to reach to groundwater and agricultural land. To assess on the soil, the environmental effect of a contaminant, it is necessary knowing its bioavailable fraction. The bioavailable fraction determination is important in evaluating the risk of contamination, and can be estimated by various methods, one of them is the sequential extraction procedure, which involves the use of different reagents, to obtain the metal form, which is associated with different components of the soil. Bioavailability is usually determined through living systems, which help to study the level and/or impact of the pollutants on the environment, which requires more work and time. For this reason, new techniques have been developed, to simulate this parameter faster and equally reliable: the technique of diffusion gradient in thin film (DGT) employs a cation exchange resin Chelex, a diffusive gel and filter membrane in a plastic device, so that the ions diffuse through the filter and to achieve diffusive resin gel and thus, mimic metal uptake by the plant. To relate the metal concentration in the resin with bioavailability, a computational model DIFS (DGT Induced Fluxes in Soils and Sediments) that quantifies the response of DGT in relation to the diffusion characteristics of the soil and the rate of supply from the solution to solid phase. This study assessed the influence of biosolid application to soil at various rates,: 0, 30, 90 and 200 Mg ha-1, on bioavailability of some trace elements (Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn) in agricultural soils of the Metropolitan Region. Three methods were used to determine the metal bioavailability in soils: bioassay with sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus), the first fraction of a sequential extraction procedure (BCR) and diffusion gradient in thin films technique (DGT). Excepting Ni, metal concentrations, in the biosolids are under of the limits allowed by the Chilean regulation (DS-4, 2009), to be applied to agricultural soils as a method of disposal. The metal concentration in the biosolid and soils increases in the following order: Ni < Cu < Cr < Zn , and Ni < Cr < Cu < Zn respectively. The results in the sequential extraction procedure showed that the metals are mainly found in the residual fraction of the soil, the application of biosolids generally decreased this fraction, while there was an increase in the acid soluble fraction or labile fraction, usually associated with the bioavailability. The contents of trace elements in plants grown in the soils studied, increased with increasing biosolids rates, applied to soils.CE for Cu, determined with DGT technique, decreased with increasing biosolid rate, however, CE for Cr, Ni and Zn increased by the biosolids rate applied at different soils. The results obtained for metal contents in sunflower plants, the concentration in the acid soluble fraction through sequential extraction procedure, and the CE determined by DGT-DIFS technique, were compared using an analysis of simple regression, to assess the efficiency of these techniques respect of the metal bioavailability estimation in soils. The metal content in plants and CE showed a good correlation only for Zn in Lampa soil (R = 0,862), the correlation coefficient for Cr and Zn in the Lampa soil, was achieved by comparing the metals content in the plants and the acid soluble fraction, was 0,879 and 0,941 respectively, while in other soils, were obtained correlation coefficients no significant. However, the comparison with the acid-soluble fraction and CE shown the best correlation coefficients for Cr, Ni and Zn in the three soils studied...
Gestión de los impactos de aguas ácidas durante la construcción, operación y cierre de túneles
(Universidad de Chile, 2021)
El drenaje ácido es un proceso natural o inducido por la construcción del túnel, debido a la oxidación de sulfuros que genera acidificación del agua y altas concentraciones de sulfatos y metales disueltos. En el área de estudio, el túnel intercepta...
Reducción de impacto ambiental de una planta de separación y licuación de gases mediante análisis de ciclo de vida
(Universidad de Chile, 2017)
una planta de separación y licuación de gases, estudiando indicadores como huella de carbono y huella hídrica del proceso mediante Análisis de Ciclo de Vida. Se estudian alternativas que permitan reducir el impacto ambiental de la planta, entregando...
Diseño de un plan de gestión ambiental en supermercados. Un caso de estudio
(Universidad de Chile, 2019-12)
de los residuos líquidos se le da el rol de fiscalizador a las Sanitarias,
con la finalidad de tener una red de recolección de calidad, protegiendo las instalaciones
de recolección de aguas servidas y las Plantas de Tratamiento de Aguas Servidas...
como ambientales. Grandes cadenas de supermercados generan residuos líquidos y sólidos, principalmente por el lavado de las salas de procesos, limpieza de equipos y utensilios. Las aguas residuales contienen detergentes, desinfectantes, restos de...
como ambientales. Grandes cadenas de supermercados generan residuos líquidos y sólidos, principalmente por el lavado de las salas de procesos, limpieza de equipos y utensilios. Las aguas residuales contienen detergentes, desinfectantes, restos de...
Respiración de suelo en sistemas de cero labranza y labranza tradicional en condiciones de secano de la Región Metropolitana
(Universidad de Chile, 2011)
, desarrollados bajo tratamiento en cero labranza (CL) y en labranza tradicional (LT) y generar modelos con y sin restricciones de signo en las variables dependientes y en dos escalas temporales distintas (diaria y estacional) para describir la RS, utilizando...
In terrestrial ecosystems, soil is considered the major reservoir and sink of Carbon (C) and soil respiration corresponds to one of the main flows of transfer of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Given this, it is necessary to study how it behaves and how is the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) in this system, and also analyze different scenarios and land uses that generate different behaviors. It was propose then, to compare the emissions of CO2 in the soil of two crops of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) in central Chile, developed under a different soil treatment (non-tillage and conventional tillage) and to generate models using environmental variables to describe the behavior of each treatment in two different time scales (daily and seasonal). In total, 5 field measurement campaigns were conducted in the period from October to January, 2008/09 in order to measure the emissions generated, and also obtain details of the environmental variables of ambient temperature (TA), soil temperature (TS), relative humidity (HR) and volumetric water content of the soil (CV). The measurements were made using a close chamber system. In addition, it was also included as a variable the evapotranspiration calculated for each record measured, using the FAO Penman-Monteith equation. As results were obtained in the daily scale with sign restriction 3 significant models (campaigns 1, 4 and 5 in CL), ranging the R2 between 0,79 and 0,89 being ETc and TA the selected variables, while in the daily scale without sign restriction 6 significant models were generated (Campaigns 1, 3, 4 and 5 in CL and 1 and 4 in LT) being TA, TS and ETc the most recurrent variables to describe the RS. In the seasonal scale, the adjusted R2 of the models ranged between 0,79 and 0,98 being the best correlation between ETc and RS in both models. Regarding emissions, in non-till system were released to the atmosphere 390 g CO2 m-2, and in conventional tillage system 319 g CO2 m-2. The greater flow of CO2 recorded in this period in non-tillage was due to a greater presence and respiration of microorganisms in this treatment product of the largest pool of organic matter available. However, to get conclusive results on this study, measurements in the non measured months are needed, which correspond to the remaining stages of the crop growth....
In terrestrial ecosystems, soil is considered the major reservoir and sink of Carbon (C) and soil respiration corresponds to one of the main flows of transfer of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Given this, it is necessary to study how it behaves and how is the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) in this system, and also analyze different scenarios and land uses that generate different behaviors. It was propose then, to compare the emissions of CO2 in the soil of two crops of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) in central Chile, developed under a different soil treatment (non-tillage and conventional tillage) and to generate models using environmental variables to describe the behavior of each treatment in two different time scales (daily and seasonal). In total, 5 field measurement campaigns were conducted in the period from October to January, 2008/09 in order to measure the emissions generated, and also obtain details of the environmental variables of ambient temperature (TA), soil temperature (TS), relative humidity (HR) and volumetric water content of the soil (CV). The measurements were made using a close chamber system. In addition, it was also included as a variable the evapotranspiration calculated for each record measured, using the FAO Penman-Monteith equation. As results were obtained in the daily scale with sign restriction 3 significant models (campaigns 1, 4 and 5 in CL), ranging the R2 between 0,79 and 0,89 being ETc and TA the selected variables, while in the daily scale without sign restriction 6 significant models were generated (Campaigns 1, 3, 4 and 5 in CL and 1 and 4 in LT) being TA, TS and ETc the most recurrent variables to describe the RS. In the seasonal scale, the adjusted R2 of the models ranged between 0,79 and 0,98 being the best correlation between ETc and RS in both models. Regarding emissions, in non-till system were released to the atmosphere 390 g CO2 m-2, and in conventional tillage system 319 g CO2 m-2. The greater flow of CO2 recorded in this period in non-tillage was due to a greater presence and respiration of microorganisms in this treatment product of the largest pool of organic matter available. However, to get conclusive results on this study, measurements in the non measured months are needed, which correspond to the remaining stages of the crop growth....
Evaluación de factibilidad técnico-económica de una planta de tratamiento de residuos de atención de salud (REAS) en la región de Los Lagos
(Universidad de Chile, 2014)
El presente trabajo de título tiene como objetivo realizar una evaluación técnica y económica, a nivel de prefactibilidad, de una planta de tratamiento de residuos de atención de salud en la X Región de Los Lagos. En particular, aquellos residuos...
Uso de estanques de evaporación para tratar el rechazo proveniente de una planta desalinizadora (análisis energético, ambiental y económico)
(Universidad de Chile, 2021)
Chile es un país costero, las plantas desalinizadoras de extracción de agua de mar han surgido como una opción viable para varias empresas. Sin embargo, este proceso genera un residuo denominado rechazo que generalmente es vertido al mar; este fluido...
Recuperación de ácido sulfúrico desde una solución de ácido débil de planta de ácido sulfúrico usando extracción por solventes
(Universidad de Chile, 2014)
ácido sulfúrico ................................................................................................. 19
2.1.3 Balance de agua y efluentes líquidos en planta de ácido sulfúrico ................................... 20
2.1.3.1 Tratamientos del...
....................................................... 20 Figura 2.6: Diagrama de balance de agua en planta de ácido sulfúrico a partir de gases metalúrgicos ... 22 Figura 2.7: Diagrama de bloques del proceso de tratamiento del ácido débil con cal .............................. 24 Figura 2.8: Diagrama...
....................................................... 20 Figura 2.6: Diagrama de balance de agua en planta de ácido sulfúrico a partir de gases metalúrgicos ... 22 Figura 2.7: Diagrama de bloques del proceso de tratamiento del ácido débil con cal .............................. 24 Figura 2.8: Diagrama...