Glacial geomorphology and paleoglacial behavior estimation in Sierra Baguales (50° S): Paleoclimatic factors that controlled glacier variations within the pleistocene - holocene regional context

Abstract

The Sierra Baguales Mountain Range (SBMR) forms the eastern foothills of the Patagonian Andes located between 50º and 51º S, topographically isolated from the Southern Patagonian Icefield (SPIF) and under the influence of the Westerly Winds. Its landscape shows glacial deposits and morphologies, potentially useful for the reconstruction of the Pleistocene Holocene glaciations, which occurred in the vicinity of the Patagonian Ice Cap, and possibly showed individual responses to environmental change after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Using simple and multivariate statistical methods, the morphometry of 143 glacial cirques, distributed between the current eastern limit of the SPIF and the easternmost SBMR, approximately 200 km from the Pacific coast, was analyzed. For the latter sector, using photo-interpretation, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and field work, the first glacial and periglacial geomorphological map of the area was constructed. The relationship between the Geological Strength Index (GSI), rainfall gradient, and cirque areas, which were occupied and eroded by former alpine glaciers, was also established. To this end, theoretical profiles of the ice topography, based on a perfect plasticity model, were developed. Ages of local environmental changes were estimated using 14C dating. Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) variations were interpreted based on geomorphological evidence and the accumulation area ratio (AAR).The lowering of the ELA was converted to the change in temperature by multiplying it with an average atmospheric lapse rate. For the SBMR, it is possible to recognize two glaciation levels which rise towards the interior of continent. Their spatial distribution and elevation were controlled by tectonic factors (Andean uplift), the rainfall gradient and the climate contrast from east (temperate maritime) to west (dry cold), present in southern Patagonia since the LGM. The lower group of glacial cirques is distributed in the lower areas of the main valleys. These have no current evidence of snow or glacial processes and have been subject to fluvial erosion and gravitational processes. These cirques can be associated with outlet glacier advance of the Patagonian Ice Cap during the Holocene, and were probably partially or completely covered with ice during the LGM or prior glaciations. On the other hand, the upper group of glacial cirques is located east of the SPIF and mainly in the eastern section of the SBMR. Their size is reduced progressively to the east due to the increased resistance of the rocks on which they developed and the regional rainfall gradient. These cirques show evidence of lateral and frontal moraines of alpine glaciers, some of which are currently active. This cirque group corresponds to those glaciers that remained after the middle Holocene, favored by a gentle slope and aspect, in addition to low temperatures prevailing in the highest marginal sections of the SPIF and particularly the SBMR. Radiocarbon ages can be considered as evidence of environmental change linked to the temperature decrease and rainfall increment resulting from the latitudinal shift and the increase in strength of the Westerly Winds during the middle Holocene. For the SBMR, where the local atmospheric temperature from the Tardiglacial was approximately 3.8±0.8°C colder than today, temperatures possibly remained lower in relation to the regional context, mainly due to the cold and dry climate prevailing towards the interior of the continent, and the elevation of the basins where the former alpine glaciers were located, which eventually advanced and coalesced to form a small Icefield. Such advances could be related to variations in the Frias Lobe, at the same latitude of the SBMR but closer to the SPIF eastern margin.