Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact
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Grace, Molly K.
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Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact
Author
- Grace, Molly K.;
- Akçakaya, H. Resit;
- Bennett, Elizabeth L.;
- Brooks, Thomas M.;
- Heath, Anna;
- Hedges, Simón;
- Hilton Taylor, Craig;
- Hoffmann, Michael;
- Hochkirch, Axel;
- Jenkins, Richard;
- Keith, David A.;
- Long, Barney;
- Mallon, David P.;
- Meijaard, Erik;
- Milner Gulland, E. J.;
- Rodríguez, Jon Paul;
- Stephenson, P. J.;
- Stuart, Simón N;
- Young, Richard P.;
- Acebes, Pablo;
- Alfaro Shigueto, Joanna;
- Álvarez Clare, Silvia;
- Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali Rodlis;
- Arbetman, Marina;
- Azat, Claudio;
- Bacchetta, Gianluigi;
- Badola, Ruchi;
- Barcelos, Luis M. D.;
- Barreiros, Joao Pedro;
- Basak, Sayanti;
- Berger, Danielle J.;
- Bhattacharyya, Sabuj;
- Bino, Gilad;
- Borges, Paulo A. V.;
- Boughton, Raoul K.;
- Brockmann, H. Jane;
- Buckley, Hannah L.;
- Burfield, Ian J.;
- Burton, James;
- Camacho Badani, Teresa;
- Cano Alonso, Luis Santiago;
- Carmichael, Ruth H.;
- Carrero, Christina;
- Carroll, John P.;
- Catsadorakis, Giorgos;
- Chapple, David G.;
- Chapron, Guillaume;
- Chowdhury, Gawsia Wahidunnessa;
- Claassens, Louw;
- Cogoni, Donatella;
- Constantine, Rochelle;
- Craig, Christie Anne;
- Cunningham, Andrew A.;
- Dahal, Nishma;
- Daltry, Jennifer C.;
- Das, Goura Chandra;
- Dasgupta, Niladri;
- Davey, Alexandra;
- Davies, Katharine;
- Develey, Pedro;
- Elangovan, Vanitha;
- Fairclough, David;
- Di Febbraro, Mirko;
- Fenu, Giuseppe;
- Fernandes, Fernando Moreira;
- Fernández, Eduardo Pinheiro;
- Finucci, Brittany;
- Földesi, Rita;
- Foley, Catherine M.;
- Ford, Matthew;
- Forstner, Michael R. J.;
- García, Néstor;
- García Sandoval, Ricardo;
- Gardner, Penny C.;
- Garibay Orijel, Roberto;
- Gatan Balbas, Marites;
- Gauto, Irene;
- Ullah Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar;
- Godfrey, Stephanie S.;
- Gollock, Matthew;
- González Pérez, Benito Alejandro;
- Grant, Tandora D.;
- Gray, Thomas;
- Gregory, Andrew J.;
- Van Grunsven, Roy H. A.;
- Gryzenhout, Marieka;
- Guernsey, Noelle C.;
- Gupta, Garima;
- Hagen, Christina;
- Hagen, Christian A.;
- Hall, Madison B.;
- Hallerman, Eric;
- Hare, Kelly;
- Hart, Tom;
- Hartdegen, Ruston;
- Harvey Brown, Yvette;
- Hatfield, Richard;
- Hawke, Tahneal;
- Hermes, Claudia;
- Hitchmough, Rod;
- Hoffmann, Pablo Melo;
- Howarth, Charlie;
- Hudson, Michael A.;
- Hussain, Syed Ainul;
- Huveneers, Charlie;
- Jacques, Hélène;
- Jorgensen, Dennis;
- Katdare, Suyash;
- Katsis, Lydia K. D.;
- Kaul, Rahul;
- Kaunda Arara, Boaz;
- Keith Diagne, Lucy;
- Kraus, Daniel T.;
- Moreira de Lima, Thales;
- Lindeman, Ken;
- Linsky, Jean;
- Louis Jr., Edward;
- Loy, Anna;
- Lughadha, Eimear Nic;
- Mangel, Jeffrey C.;
- Marinari, Paul E.;
- Martin, Gabriel M.;
- Martinelli, Gustavo;
- McGowan, Philip J. K.;
- McInnes, Alistair;
- Barbosa Mendes, Eduardo Teles;
- Millard, Michael J.;
- Mirande, Claire;
- Money, Daniel;
- Monks, Joanne M;
- Morale, Carolina Laura;
- Mumu, Nazia Naoreen;
- Negrao, Raquel;
- Nguyen, Anh Ha;
- Hasan Nilo, Md. Nazmul;
- Norbury, Grant Leslie;
- Nordmeyer, Cale;
- Norris, Darren;
- O’Brien, Mark;
- Oda, Gabriela Akemi;
- Orsenigo, Simone;
- Outerbridge, Mark Evan;
- Pasachnik, Stesha;
- Pérez Jiménez, Juan Carlos;
- Pike, Charlotte;
- Pilkington, Fred;
- Plumb, Glenn;
- Quitete Portela, Rita de Cassia;
- Prohaska, Ana;
- Quintana, Manuel G.;
- Rakotondrasoa, Eddie Fanantenana;
- Ranglack, Dustin H.;
- Rankou, Hassan;
- Rawat, Ajay Prakash;
- Reardon, James Thomas;
- Lopes Rheingantz, Marcelo;
- Richter, Stephen C.;
- Rivers, Malin C.;
- Rogers, Luke Rollie;
- Da Rosa, Patricia;
- Rose, Paul;
- Royer, Emily;
- Ryan, Catherine;
- De Mitcheson, Yvonne J. Sadovy;
- Salmon, Lily;
- Salvador, Carlos Henrique;
- Samways, Michael J.;
- Sanjuan, Tatiana;
- Souza Dos Santos, Amanda;
- Sasaki, Hiroshi;
- Schutz, Emmanuel;
- Scott, Heather Ann;
- Scott, Robert Michael;
- Serena, Fabrizio;
- Sharma, Surya P.;
- Shuey, John A.;
- Silva, Carlos Julio Polo;
- Simaika, John P.;
- Smith, David R.;
- Spaet, Julia L.Y.;
- Sultana, Shanjida;
- Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar;
- Tatayah, Vikash;
- Thomas, Philip;
- Tringali, Angela;
- Trinh Dinh, Hoang;
- Tuboi, Chongpi;
- Usmani, Aftab Alam;
- Vasco Palacios, Aída M.;
- Vié, Jean Christophe;
- Virens, Jo;
- Walker, Alan;
- Wallace, Bryan;
- Waller, Lauren J.;
- Wang, Hongfeng;
- Wearn, Oliver R.;
- Van Weerd, Merlijn;
- Weigmann, Simon;
- Willcox, Daniel;
- Woinarski, John;
- Yong, Jean W. H.;
- Young, Stuart;
Abstract
Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012
the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a
“Green List of Species” (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status
framework for assessing species’ progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed
2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against
benchmarks of species’ viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine
current species recovery status (herein species recovery score) and application of that method
to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics (conservation
legacy, conservation dependence, conservation gain, and recovery potential). We tested the framework
with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red
List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species’ recovery
scores, we propose the following species recovery categories: fully recovered, slightly depleted,
moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate.
Fifty-nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted.
Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery
score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as
farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is
conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green
Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction
risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation
gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were
categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics, indicating that conservation
has, or will, play a role in improving or maintaining species status for the vast majority
of these species. Based on our results, we devised an updated assessment framework that
introduces the option of using a dynamic baseline to assess future impacts of conservation
over the short term to avoid misleading results which were generated in a small number of
cases, and redefines short term as 10 years to better align with conservation planning. These
changes are reflected in the IUCN Green Status of Species Standard. Resumen: Reconociendo que era imperativo evaluar la recuperación de especies y el
impacto de la conservación, la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza
(UICN) convocó en 2012 al desarrollo de una “Lista Verde de Especies” (ahora el Estatus
Verde de las Especies de la UICN). Un marco de referencia preliminar de una Lista Verde de Especies para evaluar el progreso de las especies hacia la recuperación, publicado en
2018, proponía 2 componentes separados pero interconectados: un método estandarizado
(i.e., medición en relación con puntos de referencia de la viabilidad de especies, funcionalidad
y distribución antes del impacto) para determinar el estatus de recuperación actual (puntuación
de recuperación de la especie) y la aplicación de ese método para estimar impactos en el
pasado y potenciales de conservación basados en 4 medidas (legado de conservación, dependencia
de conservación, ganancia de conservación y potencial de recuperación). Probamos el marco de referencia
con 181 especies representantes de diversos taxa, historias de vida, biomas, y categorías
(riesgo de extinción) en la Lista Roja de la IUCN. Con base en la distribución observada
de la puntuación de recuperación de las especies, proponemos las siguientes categorías de
recuperación de la especie: totalmente recuperada, ligeramente mermada, moderadamente mermada,
mayormente mermada, gravemente mermada, extinta en estado silvestre, e inderterminada.
Cincuenta y nueve por ciento de las especies se consideraron mayormente o
gravemente mermada. Aunque hubo una relación negativa entre el riesgo de extinción y la
puntuación de recuperación de la especie, la variación fue considerable. Algunas especies en
las categorías de riesgo bajas fueron evaluadas como más lejos de recuperarse que aquellas
con alto riesgo. Esto enfatiza que la recuperación de especies es diferente conceptualmente
al riesgo de extinción y refuerza la utilidad del Estado Verde de las Especies de la UICN
para comprender integralmente el estatus de conservación de especies. Aunque el riesgo
de extinción no predijo el legado de conservación, la dependencia de conservación o la
ganancia de conservación, se correlacionó positivamente con la potencial de recuperación.
Solo 1.7% de las especies probadas fue categorizado como cero en los 4 indicadores de impacto
de la conservación, lo que indica que la conservación ha jugado, o jugará, un papel en la
mejoría o mantenimiento del estatus de la especie la gran mayoría de ellas. Con base en
nuestros resultados, diseñamos una versión actualizada del marco de referencia para la
evaluación que introduce la opción de utilizar una línea de base dinámica para evaluar
los impactos futuros de la conservación en el corto plazo y redefine corto plazo como
10 años.
Patrocinador
Prince Albert of Monaco Foundation
Fondation Franklinia
UK Research & Innovation (UKRI)
Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
IUCN SSC
World Wildlife Fund
Stony Brook University OVPR Seed Grant Program
European Commission 766417
Indexation
Artículo de publícación WoS
Quote Item
Conservation Biology (2021) 35:6 Pág. 1833 - 1849
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