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Evaluación de residuos vitivinícolas modificados para la biosorción de plomo a partir de aguas residuales
(Universidad de Chile, 2018)
en el proceso de producción de vino en la zona central de Chile, se pueden usar como biosorbentes de bajo costo para la remoción de metales presentes en las aguas residuales. En este estudio se han obtenido resultados promisorios con tratamientos...
In this study, lignocellulosic residues from the wine industry were evaluated as potential biosorbents of lead present in wastewater. To this end, grape stalks from two grape varieties, red and white, were chemically treated to increase their sorbent capacity of metals. Two treatments were evaluated, one of them being the alkaline hydrolysis, in which different concentrations of NaOH were tested, selecting those more effective for both materials. The other treatment corresponded to the incorporation of a metal chelating agent, in this case citric acid, which was also evaluated in different concentrations with subsequent alkalinization of the material. In the case of alkaline hydrolysis, treatments with 0.4 and 0.6 mol L-1 of NaOH were selected for grape stalks of red and white grape, respectively. In the case of the chelating agent, the treatments with 0.6 and 0.8 mol L-1 of citric acid were chosen for the grape stalks of red and white grape, respectively. The selected materials, crude and treated, were characterized by different techniques to determine the acid groups, point of zero charge, cation exchange capacity, polyphenol content, functional groups by IR spectroscopy, metals, among others. Sorption kinetics and sorption isotherms of the metal on the different materials were obtained by batch studies. In all cases, the sorption kinetics were adjusted to the pseudo-second order model, whereas the experimental results of the sorption isotherms were well adjusted to the Langmuir model for alkalized red grape stalks, as well as red and white grape stalks treated with citric acid. On the other hand, the sorption of the metal on the raw grape stalks of red and white grape and alkalized white grapes adjusted well to the Sips model. The highest adsorption capacity of lead was obtained with the white grape stalks treated with citric acid and alkalinization with a maximum capacity of 116 g kg-1. In the continuous sorption process, the red grape stalks treated with citric acid and alkalinization was effective in reducing the lead concentration to the value indicated by the Chilean standard for wastewater. Considering this standard, one kilogram of modified grape stalks allows to treat 35.4 m3 of water, compared to 12 m3 obtained for the raw material. This study concludes that the grape stalks generated in the wine production process in central Chile can be used as low cost biosorbents for the removal of metals present in the wastewater. In this study, promising results have been obtained with simple and low cost treatments using low pollutant reagents such as citric acid and sodium hydroxide, thus achieving a considerable improvement in the sorption capacity of the crude biosorbent...
In this study, lignocellulosic residues from the wine industry were evaluated as potential biosorbents of lead present in wastewater. To this end, grape stalks from two grape varieties, red and white, were chemically treated to increase their sorbent capacity of metals. Two treatments were evaluated, one of them being the alkaline hydrolysis, in which different concentrations of NaOH were tested, selecting those more effective for both materials. The other treatment corresponded to the incorporation of a metal chelating agent, in this case citric acid, which was also evaluated in different concentrations with subsequent alkalinization of the material. In the case of alkaline hydrolysis, treatments with 0.4 and 0.6 mol L-1 of NaOH were selected for grape stalks of red and white grape, respectively. In the case of the chelating agent, the treatments with 0.6 and 0.8 mol L-1 of citric acid were chosen for the grape stalks of red and white grape, respectively. The selected materials, crude and treated, were characterized by different techniques to determine the acid groups, point of zero charge, cation exchange capacity, polyphenol content, functional groups by IR spectroscopy, metals, among others. Sorption kinetics and sorption isotherms of the metal on the different materials were obtained by batch studies. In all cases, the sorption kinetics were adjusted to the pseudo-second order model, whereas the experimental results of the sorption isotherms were well adjusted to the Langmuir model for alkalized red grape stalks, as well as red and white grape stalks treated with citric acid. On the other hand, the sorption of the metal on the raw grape stalks of red and white grape and alkalized white grapes adjusted well to the Sips model. The highest adsorption capacity of lead was obtained with the white grape stalks treated with citric acid and alkalinization with a maximum capacity of 116 g kg-1. In the continuous sorption process, the red grape stalks treated with citric acid and alkalinization was effective in reducing the lead concentration to the value indicated by the Chilean standard for wastewater. Considering this standard, one kilogram of modified grape stalks allows to treat 35.4 m3 of water, compared to 12 m3 obtained for the raw material. This study concludes that the grape stalks generated in the wine production process in central Chile can be used as low cost biosorbents for the removal of metals present in the wastewater. In this study, promising results have been obtained with simple and low cost treatments using low pollutant reagents such as citric acid and sodium hydroxide, thus achieving a considerable improvement in the sorption capacity of the crude biosorbent...
Propuesta para el manejo y tratamiento de aguas de uso agrícola: aplicación en la zona Norte de Chile
(Universidad de Chile, 2020)
relacionada a la del agua potable y su respectivo tratamiento en la planta de tratamiento de aguas servidas. Luego, la aplicación de la ley 20.998, Regulación Servicios Sanitarios Rurales, podrá impulsar el ámbito sanitario, permitiendo regular las...
Evaluación de reducción de consumo de agua fresca en máquina papelera de Tissue. Caso real planta Talagante, CMPC
(Universidad de Chile, 2019)
la izquierda se encuentra
un fraccionador de fibras, mientras que a la derecha se encuentra el clarificador. 17
Figura 18: Planta de tratamiento de efluentes de CMPC Talagante. .................... 18
Figura 19: Diagrama del uso de agua en la...
GUÍA: Francisco Gracia C. EVALUACIÓN DE REDUCCIÓN DE CONSUMO DE AGUA FRESCA EN MÁQUINA PAPELERA DE TISSUE, CASO REAL PLANTA TALAGANTE, CMPC El papel Tissue se caracteriza por ser un papel suave y absorbente, utilizado tanto en el hogar como a...
GUÍA: Francisco Gracia C. EVALUACIÓN DE REDUCCIÓN DE CONSUMO DE AGUA FRESCA EN MÁQUINA PAPELERA DE TISSUE, CASO REAL PLANTA TALAGANTE, CMPC El papel Tissue se caracteriza por ser un papel suave y absorbente, utilizado tanto en el hogar como a...
Uso de aguas servidas tratadas en cultivos de atriplex con fines energéticos
(Universidad de Chile, 2016)
competencia para los cultivos con fines alimenticios, debido a que son suelos marginales y áridos, subutilizados debido a la degradación que poseen, inviables para la producción agroalimentaria. El uso de aguas servidas para el riego de cultivos energéticos...
Propuesta para la elaboración de un programa de gestión ambiental en base a los requisitos de la norma ISO 14.001 para el uso y almacenamiento de insumos peligrosos en una planta de tratamiento de aguas servidas
(Universidad de Chile, 2018)
.001
PARA EL USO Y ALMACENAMIENTO DE INSUMOS PELIGROSOS EN UNA
PLANTA DE TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS SERVIDAS
Seminario de Título entregado a la Universidad de Chile en cumplimiento parcial de los
requisitos para optar al Título de:
Químico Ambiental...
ELABORACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA DE GESTIÓN AMBIENTAL EN BASE A LOS REQUISITOS DE LA NORMA ISO 14.001 PARA EL USO Y ALMACENAMIENTO DE INSUMOS PELIGROSOS EN UNA PLANTA DE TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS SERVIDAS” Ha sido aprobado por la Comisión de Evaluación, en...
ELABORACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA DE GESTIÓN AMBIENTAL EN BASE A LOS REQUISITOS DE LA NORMA ISO 14.001 PARA EL USO Y ALMACENAMIENTO DE INSUMOS PELIGROSOS EN UNA PLANTA DE TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS SERVIDAS” Ha sido aprobado por la Comisión de Evaluación, en...
Efecto del anegamiento y de la dispersión de sales desde la entrehilera hacia la rizósfera sobre las sobrevivencia y fisiología de la jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link.) Schneider) regada con aguas claras del tranque de relaves mineros pampa austral
(Universidad de Chile, 2016)
, región de Atacama y regadas con aguas claras del tranque de relaves mineros Pampa Austral (con altas concentraciones de sales y metales pesados), se presento una elevada y aleatoria muerte de plantas asociada a lluvias invernales del 2009. De esta forma...
Humedales construidos para tratamiento sustentable de aguas grises: efecto del acople a una celda de combustible microbiana
(Universidad de Chile, 2016)
En el presente Trabajo de Título se construyeron cuatro columnas de humedales construidos a escala de laboratorio, las que se operaron con agua gris sintética y finalmente se realizaron análisis de las muestras de afluentes y efluentes en términos...
Desarrollo de un muestreador pasivo para muestreo de contaminantes emergentes en aguas
(Universidad de Chile, 2021)
personal, las aguas residuales que llegan a las plantas de tratamiento contienen a estos estos compuestos a niveles de μg/L, los cuales no son retenidos en su totalidad en las plantas de tratamiento y consecuentemente los efluentes de éstas aún siguen...
The study of pollutants in surface waters is of high priority and relevance worldwide since these surface waters are the main source of water supply for human consumption. Due to the wide consumption of drugs and personal care products, the wastewater that reaches the water treatment plants contains these compounds at levels of μg/L, which are not fully retained in the treatment plants consequently, he effluents from these continue to contain levels of emerging pollutants that are discharged into natural courses. In the last decades, the use of passive sampling techniques for the control of contaminants in different water matrices has expanded dramatically. For this reason, the main objective proposed for this thesis is the development of a passive sampler for sampling and pre-concentration of a group of emerging pollutants: parabens, hormones, NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and triclosan in surface waters, with the purpose, firstly, of detecting their presence and, secondly, estimating the average soluble fraction of these compounds in the waters. Different natural and commercial sorbent phases were examined, concluding that the particulate and sheet cork phases are suitable for the sorption of the group of compounds under study, but considering the grinding and assembly time that is consumed in the preparation of the particulate phase, the choice of the laminar cork sorbent phase is recommended. The elution of the pollutants under study from the sorbent phase of these samplers was also studied. It was found that, to carry out the desorption of the analytes from the sorbent phase, it was necessary to carry out two elution with a mixture of solvents in a proportion of 75% methanol and 25% acetonitrile. In order to implement these samplers in the field, the sampling rates (Rs) of these must be obtained for each of the emerging pollutants under study. Sampling rates (Rs) were obtained for some compounds under study in the laboratory for the sheet cork phase that vary between 0.620 Lday-1 for ethyl paraben and 19.013 Lday-1 for estrone. These developed samplers can be used to detect the presence (or average concentration retained in the sampler) of those compounds that it has not been possible to obtain the Rs as well as those compounds that have been able to obtain the Rs. For those who have been able to obtain the Rs, in addition, this concentration retained in the sorbent phase can be extrapolated to the average concentration in the water. These samplers have been applied in two samplings carried out before and after the Trebal (Aguas Andinas) treatment plant, in spring 2018 and in winter 2019. In both cases, the results obtained with passive sampling were compared with the results obtained through a conventional sampling with automatic sampler at the same sampling points, simultaneously. In addition, in the sampling carried out in winter 2019, two additional points were included, one upstream of the plant and the other downstream of the plant. In both cases, as they did not have an automatic sampler, the results of passive sampling were compared with the results generated through a point sampling. In this last sampling carried out in winter 2019, the sheet cork phases were also previously enriched with marked isotopic standards, of three contaminants, estrone, ethyl paraben and triclosan, in order to establish if it was necessary to correct the laboratory Rs. Considering that the hydrodynamic conditions of the river significantly influence passive sampling, these Rs could vary with respect to those determined in the laboratory. It was possible to obtain for triclosan, the Rs in situ in the effluent for the July 2019 sampling...
The study of pollutants in surface waters is of high priority and relevance worldwide since these surface waters are the main source of water supply for human consumption. Due to the wide consumption of drugs and personal care products, the wastewater that reaches the water treatment plants contains these compounds at levels of μg/L, which are not fully retained in the treatment plants consequently, he effluents from these continue to contain levels of emerging pollutants that are discharged into natural courses. In the last decades, the use of passive sampling techniques for the control of contaminants in different water matrices has expanded dramatically. For this reason, the main objective proposed for this thesis is the development of a passive sampler for sampling and pre-concentration of a group of emerging pollutants: parabens, hormones, NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and triclosan in surface waters, with the purpose, firstly, of detecting their presence and, secondly, estimating the average soluble fraction of these compounds in the waters. Different natural and commercial sorbent phases were examined, concluding that the particulate and sheet cork phases are suitable for the sorption of the group of compounds under study, but considering the grinding and assembly time that is consumed in the preparation of the particulate phase, the choice of the laminar cork sorbent phase is recommended. The elution of the pollutants under study from the sorbent phase of these samplers was also studied. It was found that, to carry out the desorption of the analytes from the sorbent phase, it was necessary to carry out two elution with a mixture of solvents in a proportion of 75% methanol and 25% acetonitrile. In order to implement these samplers in the field, the sampling rates (Rs) of these must be obtained for each of the emerging pollutants under study. Sampling rates (Rs) were obtained for some compounds under study in the laboratory for the sheet cork phase that vary between 0.620 Lday-1 for ethyl paraben and 19.013 Lday-1 for estrone. These developed samplers can be used to detect the presence (or average concentration retained in the sampler) of those compounds that it has not been possible to obtain the Rs as well as those compounds that have been able to obtain the Rs. For those who have been able to obtain the Rs, in addition, this concentration retained in the sorbent phase can be extrapolated to the average concentration in the water. These samplers have been applied in two samplings carried out before and after the Trebal (Aguas Andinas) treatment plant, in spring 2018 and in winter 2019. In both cases, the results obtained with passive sampling were compared with the results obtained through a conventional sampling with automatic sampler at the same sampling points, simultaneously. In addition, in the sampling carried out in winter 2019, two additional points were included, one upstream of the plant and the other downstream of the plant. In both cases, as they did not have an automatic sampler, the results of passive sampling were compared with the results generated through a point sampling. In this last sampling carried out in winter 2019, the sheet cork phases were also previously enriched with marked isotopic standards, of three contaminants, estrone, ethyl paraben and triclosan, in order to establish if it was necessary to correct the laboratory Rs. Considering that the hydrodynamic conditions of the river significantly influence passive sampling, these Rs could vary with respect to those determined in the laboratory. It was possible to obtain for triclosan, the Rs in situ in the effluent for the July 2019 sampling...
Reducción del uso de agua en una planta de celulosa: análisis técnico y propuesta de mejora
(Universidad de Chile, 2020)
industria de la celulosa y el papel, el agua toma un rol importante, ya que es utilizada en casi todas las etapas de producción. Una planta de celulosa puede llegar a tomar de una fuente natural millones de metros cúbicos por año y, debido al escenario...
Efecto de la aplicación de biosólidos en el proceso de adsorción de plaguicidas en suelos chilenos
(Universidad de Chile, 2009)
La puesta en marcha de plantas de tratamiento de aguas servidas en todo el mundo,
indudablemente ha contribuido en la mejora de la calidad de los recursos hídricos, y por
ende, de las condiciones ambientales y de sanidad en que se desenvuelven las...