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Estudios de caso relativos a los rechazos en frontera de productos agroalimentarios por motivos sanitarios y fitosanitarios
(Universidad de Chile, 2015)
asegurar una alimentación inocua, desde el campo o el mar, hasta la mesa de los consumidores. Pero, además de a nivel interno, no cumplir con los requisitos técnicos a la producción pone en riesgo el acceso a los mercados internacionales. América Latina y...
International trade has been historically subject to different kind of limits. About this, tariffs are the most traditional measure, which made that at the first half of the XX century a group of countries decided to legislate about it and firm the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) committing to lower their application. However, in the last decades another kind of measures with potential effects on trade has gained importance, within the category denominated not tariff. A relevant example of those measures is technical requirements toward productions. As a result, in the Uruguay Round in 1994, these measures were normed resulting, between others, in the Agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (MSF Agreement). Although the existence of this common body of multilateral rules, still persist clear differences in the capacity of food products control between countries, this being the ability to ensure safe food, from land or the sea, up to the table of consumers. But, besides local markets, neglect the production technical requirements put at risk the access to international markets. Latin America and the Caribbean countries have not stayed apart from the process explained before, especially considering that many of the region countries are agricultural net exporters. In this context, this work aims to describe the current situation of the alimentary exports in Latin America and the Caribbean on compliance of the sanitary and phytosanitary requirements. In order to do this, it took place the following specific objectives: definition of the conceptual framework related to protection of the food safety, description of the current institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean in food safety and food control, approach current tendencies in frontier rejections of alimentary product’s exportation in the main markets (USA and EU) using three regional cases (Chile, Costa Rica and Dominican Republic), and recommend public policies on food safety. The results obtained indicate that the capacity of food control of the countries in the region is far from the expected in order to achieve similar results than in developed countries, especially because of not having a risk analysis from the politics formulation and the low authorities’ commitment to not consider the food safety as a priority. In this order, and considering that in general in the region the inspection of exportation products is bigger than to the destined to local markets, it was obtained that the main reasons for food refusal in foreign markets, is because inadequate use of pesticides in fruits and vegetables, dust presence, decomposition because of cold chains in transport routes and also an important number of rejections just because fails in the labels. This leads to the conclusion that the region still needs to work on strengthening policies that enable quality and safety on production and post production stages. This would facilitate not only the assurance of healthy food for local people, but also the public spends on foodborne illness and the export products refused....
International trade has been historically subject to different kind of limits. About this, tariffs are the most traditional measure, which made that at the first half of the XX century a group of countries decided to legislate about it and firm the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) committing to lower their application. However, in the last decades another kind of measures with potential effects on trade has gained importance, within the category denominated not tariff. A relevant example of those measures is technical requirements toward productions. As a result, in the Uruguay Round in 1994, these measures were normed resulting, between others, in the Agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (MSF Agreement). Although the existence of this common body of multilateral rules, still persist clear differences in the capacity of food products control between countries, this being the ability to ensure safe food, from land or the sea, up to the table of consumers. But, besides local markets, neglect the production technical requirements put at risk the access to international markets. Latin America and the Caribbean countries have not stayed apart from the process explained before, especially considering that many of the region countries are agricultural net exporters. In this context, this work aims to describe the current situation of the alimentary exports in Latin America and the Caribbean on compliance of the sanitary and phytosanitary requirements. In order to do this, it took place the following specific objectives: definition of the conceptual framework related to protection of the food safety, description of the current institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean in food safety and food control, approach current tendencies in frontier rejections of alimentary product’s exportation in the main markets (USA and EU) using three regional cases (Chile, Costa Rica and Dominican Republic), and recommend public policies on food safety. The results obtained indicate that the capacity of food control of the countries in the region is far from the expected in order to achieve similar results than in developed countries, especially because of not having a risk analysis from the politics formulation and the low authorities’ commitment to not consider the food safety as a priority. In this order, and considering that in general in the region the inspection of exportation products is bigger than to the destined to local markets, it was obtained that the main reasons for food refusal in foreign markets, is because inadequate use of pesticides in fruits and vegetables, dust presence, decomposition because of cold chains in transport routes and also an important number of rejections just because fails in the labels. This leads to the conclusion that the region still needs to work on strengthening policies that enable quality and safety on production and post production stages. This would facilitate not only the assurance of healthy food for local people, but also the public spends on foodborne illness and the export products refused....
Termas de Skyring : aguas termales en SenoSkyring : desarrollo turístico para Río Verde, Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena
(Universidad de Chile, 2013)
La temática de investigación presentada para este proceso de título, denominada “Aguas Termales en Seno Skyring; Desarrollo turístico para Río Verde, Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena” aborda en sí misma una oportunidad para una comunidad...
Aceites vegetales de uso frecuente en Sudamérica: características y propiedades
(Aula Médica Ediciones, 2015)
Sanhueza Catalán3
1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad San Sebastián. 2Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma de
Chile, Chile. 3Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Chile.
Resumen
El...
, palma, girasol, canola y oliva, así como los efectos en la salud, a partir de estudios relacionados con el tema. (Nutr Hosp. 2015;32:11-19) DOI:10.3305/nh.2015.32.1.8874 Palabras clave: Ácidos grasos. Aceites vegetales. Salud. Enfermedad cardiovascular...
, palma, girasol, canola y oliva, así como los efectos en la salud, a partir de estudios relacionados con el tema. (Nutr Hosp. 2015;32:11-19) DOI:10.3305/nh.2015.32.1.8874 Palabras clave: Ácidos grasos. Aceites vegetales. Salud. Enfermedad cardiovascular...
Pesquería artesanal Lafkenche en Tirúa lugar de encuentro
(Universidad de Chile, 2013)
arquitectónicos..................................................................................................................................................
3.1. Proyectos arquitectónicos sobre pesca y actividades relacionadas a los procesos del pescado...
asociatividad productiva se abordaría el desarrollo de un grupo sociocultural. Usando el espacio y el diseño como precurso- res de actividades que fomenten estos estratos vulnerables. En el terreno de la misma caleta se propone generar una pesquería (relativo...
asociatividad productiva se abordaría el desarrollo de un grupo sociocultural. Usando el espacio y el diseño como precurso- res de actividades que fomenten estos estratos vulnerables. En el terreno de la misma caleta se propone generar una pesquería (relativo...
Propuesta de un sistema de control de gestión para compañía minera Lomas Bayas - Glencore
(Universidad de Chile, 2019-11-11)
interés para Lomas Bayas.
Dentro de las actividades críticas se pueden destacar, la gestión del proceso
productivo – operación mina y planta-, asegurar ambientes de trabajos saludables y
libre de lesiones, lograr costos competitivos y promover...
son: Minería, Administración y Finanzas, Procesos, Mantención Mina, Mantención Planta, Recursos Humanos y HSEC (Health/Safety/Enviroment/Community – Salud/Seguridad/Medio Ambiente/Comunidad). Fuente: Elaboración propia - Información entregada por el...
son: Minería, Administración y Finanzas, Procesos, Mantención Mina, Mantención Planta, Recursos Humanos y HSEC (Health/Safety/Enviroment/Community – Salud/Seguridad/Medio Ambiente/Comunidad). Fuente: Elaboración propia - Información entregada por el...
Validación de ecuaciones antropométricas para evaluar composición corporal en niños preescolares chilenos
(SOC MEDICA SANTIAGO, 2008-04)
, actividad física, salud, ambiente
físico y psicosocial1,2.
Los indicadores de carácter global más amplia-
mente usados son peso y talla, mas ellos no
proporcionan información sobre la composición
corporal. La medición de pliegues cutáneos, re-
presenta el...
física, hábitos alimenta- rios, necesidades de energía y CC en niños asistentes a jardines de la JUNJI27. Por otro lado, la edad preescolar es clave para la generación de conductas adecuadas respecto de la alimentación y actividad física, con su...
física, hábitos alimenta- rios, necesidades de energía y CC en niños asistentes a jardines de la JUNJI27. Por otro lado, la edad preescolar es clave para la generación de conductas adecuadas respecto de la alimentación y actividad física, con su...
Descripción de algunos aspectos hematológicos y bioquímicos sanguíneos de la colonia de tortuga negra (Chelonia mydas) establecida en Bahía Salado, región de Atacama
(Universidad de Chile, 2016)
examen clínico externo de las tortugas de Bahía Salado, es posible sugerir que es una colonia sana y que los resultados sanguíneos encontrados en el presente estudio serían propios de esta colonia debido al tipo hábitat, a la alimentación disponible (tipo...
In recent years some reference values have been established for hematological variables in chelonians. The biochemical and hematological values vary according to the genetics, maturity, sex, and immigration status. Also they may vary with the geographic location, habitat and diet. Therefore is recommended to carry out studies that establish reference values in each congregation site. For that reason obtaining biochemical and hematological reference values of the sea turtles that inhabits the Chilean coasts is important as that would provide a greater degree of knowledge and assertiveness in the conservation decisions and strategies for the species. The objective of the present study was to describe some hematological and biochemical aspects of the most austral known natural stock of black turtle (Chelonia mydas) established in Bahía Salado, Atacama Region, and thus to contribute to the knowledge of the health status of the individuals that inhabit the bay. Blood films were analyzed in search of haemoparasites and hematocrit and 17 variables of blood biochemistry were measured. The individuals sampled correspond mostly to adult females (n= 5) and juveniles of undetermined gender (n= 2). All of the individuals were classified as healthy after the clinical examination performed by the veterinarian in charge. Blood samples were obtained from the external jugular vein immediately after the capture, reducing stress. Samples were prepared and stored in the field, and transported for analysis to the Laboratory of Hematology and Clinical Biochemistry at the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry at the University of Chile. Mean, standard deviation, medium and minimum and maximum values for each variable were obtained considering the samples as a whole without considering confidence intervals due to the low n. The packed cell volume and plasma total protein were found to be within the reference values used for C. mydas in other parts of the world. The narrow ranges obtained for total protein, albumin, globulins, glucose, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus and total bilirubin may be due to the low number of samples. Blood film analysis determined no presence of hemoparasites. The low number of samples used in the present study did not allow making statistically significant comparisons so we must continue studying the area in order to capture more animals that improve the total number to obtain reference ranges for the colony to be statistically significant. Taking into account all the hematological results, 6 coupled with the clinical external examination of the turtles of Bahía Salado, it is possible to suggest that this is a healthy colony. In conclusion, the hematologic and blood biochemical features found in the present study would be a feature of this colony due to the habitat, food availability (type and abundance) and to the sex and age structure of the individuals that conform this colony....
In recent years some reference values have been established for hematological variables in chelonians. The biochemical and hematological values vary according to the genetics, maturity, sex, and immigration status. Also they may vary with the geographic location, habitat and diet. Therefore is recommended to carry out studies that establish reference values in each congregation site. For that reason obtaining biochemical and hematological reference values of the sea turtles that inhabits the Chilean coasts is important as that would provide a greater degree of knowledge and assertiveness in the conservation decisions and strategies for the species. The objective of the present study was to describe some hematological and biochemical aspects of the most austral known natural stock of black turtle (Chelonia mydas) established in Bahía Salado, Atacama Region, and thus to contribute to the knowledge of the health status of the individuals that inhabit the bay. Blood films were analyzed in search of haemoparasites and hematocrit and 17 variables of blood biochemistry were measured. The individuals sampled correspond mostly to adult females (n= 5) and juveniles of undetermined gender (n= 2). All of the individuals were classified as healthy after the clinical examination performed by the veterinarian in charge. Blood samples were obtained from the external jugular vein immediately after the capture, reducing stress. Samples were prepared and stored in the field, and transported for analysis to the Laboratory of Hematology and Clinical Biochemistry at the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry at the University of Chile. Mean, standard deviation, medium and minimum and maximum values for each variable were obtained considering the samples as a whole without considering confidence intervals due to the low n. The packed cell volume and plasma total protein were found to be within the reference values used for C. mydas in other parts of the world. The narrow ranges obtained for total protein, albumin, globulins, glucose, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus and total bilirubin may be due to the low number of samples. Blood film analysis determined no presence of hemoparasites. The low number of samples used in the present study did not allow making statistically significant comparisons so we must continue studying the area in order to capture more animals that improve the total number to obtain reference ranges for the colony to be statistically significant. Taking into account all the hematological results, 6 coupled with the clinical external examination of the turtles of Bahía Salado, it is possible to suggest that this is a healthy colony. In conclusion, the hematologic and blood biochemical features found in the present study would be a feature of this colony due to the habitat, food availability (type and abundance) and to the sex and age structure of the individuals that conform this colony....
Las implicancias del cambio climático y las nuevas tecnologías en los derechos humanos
(Universidad de Chile, 2017)
Durante aproximadamente veinte años, el fenómeno del cambio climático ha sido parte de la agenda internacional a nivel mundial. Si bien han existido diversos tratados, protocolos y acuerdos en torno a este tema, el derecho medioambiental...
¿Por qué tenemos el cerebro en la cabeza?. Preguntas y respuestas sobre el sistema más complejo del universo
(Debate, 2019)
este como sus manifestaciones no-físicas, es decir,
la mente, son producto de un mismo fenómeno o si, más
bien, se debieran separar . Aristóteles y Platón consideraban
la actividad mental como manifestación del alma . rené
Descartes, quien fue uno...
? . . . . . . . . . . 139 ¿Cómo tomamos decisiones? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 ¿Qué es la consciencia? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Neurociencia y salud ¿Qué efecto tiene el alcohol sobre...
? . . . . . . . . . . 139 ¿Cómo tomamos decisiones? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 ¿Qué es la consciencia? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Neurociencia y salud ¿Qué efecto tiene el alcohol sobre...
Modelo de negocio de campamento de formación por competencia
(Universidad de Chile, 2015)
proyecto al ofrecer la formación de competencias en terreno, es decir, clases y actividades prácticas en modalidad grupal e individual, las cuales serán realizadas en condiciones de trabajo y seguridad muy parecidas a las que la industria actualmente...