Expanding the Phenotype and Genotype of Female GnRH Deficiency

Abstract

Context: GnRH deficiency is a rare genetic disorder of absent or partial pubertal development. The clinical and genetic characteristics of GnRH-deficient women have not been well-described. Objective:Todetermine the phenotypicandgenotypic spectrum of a large series of GnRH-deficient women. Design, Setting, and Subjects: Retrospective study of 248 females with GnRH deficiency evaluated at an academic medical center between 1980 and 2010. Main Outcome Measures: Clinical presentation, baseline endogenous GnRH secretory activity, and DNA sequence variants in 11 genes associated with GnRH deficiency. Results: Eighty-eight percent had undergone pubarche,51%had spontaneous thelarche, and10% had 1–2 menses. Women with spontaneous thelarche were more likely to demonstrate normal pubarche (P 0.04). In 27% of women, neuroendocrine studies demonstrated evidence of some endogenous GnRH secretory activity. Thirty-six percent (a large excess relative to controls) harbored a rare sequence variant in a gene associated with GnRH deficiency (87% heterozygous and 13% biallelic), with variants in FGFR1 (15%), GNRHR (6.6%), and PROKR2 (6.6%) being most prevalent. One woman had a biallelic variant in the X-linked gene, KAL1, and nine women had heterozygous variants. Conclusions: The clinical presentation of female GnRH deficiency varies from primary amenorrhea and absence of any secondary sexual characteristics to spontaneous breast development and occasional menses. In this cohort, rare sequence variants were present in all of the known genes associated withGnRHdeficiency, including the novel identification of GnRH-deficientwomenwith KAL1 variants. The pathogenic mechanism through which KAL1 variants disrupt female reproductive development requires further investigation.