New insight from noble gas and stable isotopes of geothermal/hydrothermal fluids at Caviahue-Copahue Volcanic Complex: Boiling steam separation and water-rock interaction at shallow depth

Abstract

We measured noble gas and stable isotopes of the geothermal and hydrothermal fluids of the Caviahue-Copahue Volcanic Complex (CCVC), one of the most important geothermal systems in Argentina/Chile, in order to provide new insights into fluid circulation and origin. With the exception of Anfiteatro and Chancho-co geothermal systems, mantle-derived helium dominates in the CCVC fluids, with measured He-3/He-4 ratios up to 7.86Ra in 2015. Their positive delta N-15 is an evidence for subducted sediment-derived nitrogen, which is commonly observed in subduction settings. Both He-N-2-Ar composition and positive correlation between delta D-H2O and delta O-18-H2O suggest that the fluids from Anfiteatro and Chancho-co (and partly from Pucon-Mahuida as well, on the southern flank of Copahue volcano) represent a meteoric water composition with a minor magmatic contribution. The Ne, Kr and Xe isotopic compositions are entirely of atmospheric origin, but processes of boiling and steam separation have led to fractionation of their elemental abundances. We modeled the CCVC fluid evolution using Rayleigh distillation curves, considering an initial air saturated geothermal water (ASGW) end-member at 250 and 300 degrees C, followed by boiling and steam separatiorrat lower temperatures (from 200 degrees C to 150 degrees C). Between 2014 and 2015, the CCVC hydrogen and oxygen isotopes shifted from local meteoric water-dominated to andesitic water-dominated signature. This shift is associated with an increase of delta C-13 values and S-total HCl and He contents. These characteristics are consistent with a change in the gas ascent pathway between 2014 and 2015, which in turn induced higher magmatic-hydrothermal contribution in the fluid signature. The composition of the magmatic source of the CCVC fluids is: He-3/He-4 = 7.7Ra, delta N-15 = +6%, and delta C-13 = -6.5%. Mixing models between air-corrected He and N suggest the involvement of 0.5% to 5% of subducted sediments in the magmatic source. The magmatic sulfur isotopic composition is estimated at -2.38% (from COP-2), but most samples show elemental fractionation due to boiling and steam separation followed by various degrees of atmospheric contamination. All these geochemical and isotopic characteristics are the direct consequence of tectonic particularities of the CCVC: NE faults promote the ascent of hydrothermal fluids in the geothermal area whereas WNW faults serve as preferential channels for meteoric water infiltration.