Gypsum crust as a source of calcium for the consolidation of carbonate stones using a calcium phosphate-based consolidant

Abstract

The high levels of atmospheric pollution in cities today are causing the decay of natural building stone,especially due to the formation of gypsum crusts on carbonate stones. For this reason we have assessedthe efficacy of using the gypsum crust as an alternative source of calcium in the consolidation of buildingstone via the formation of calcium phosphates. Samples of Arenisca Ronda (southern Spain) were alteredto develop a gypsum crust on the surface for subsequent application of a cellulose poultice with a solu-tion of dibasic ammonium phosphate 3 M (DAP) at different application times. The best results wereobtained by the samples treated for 60 min and they have indicated that the application time and thewater saturation degree of the poultice affect the amount of gypsum removed and the quantity of fissureson the consolidant film. On the other hand, the DAP concentration of the solution and the pH controlledthe calcium phosphate precipitation phases. The habit of the calcium phosphate crystals evolve over thetime tending to a homogenization of the consolidant film. This procedure offers an important alternativefor the treatment of altered carbonate stones, in which the stone can be cleaned and consolidated in asingle application.