Akkermansia muciniphila induces mitochondrial calcium overload and a -synuclein aggregation in an enteroendocrine cell line

Abstract

The gut microbiota influence neurodevelopment, modulate behavior, and contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. Several studies have consistently reported a greater abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in Parkinson disease (PD) fecal samples. Therefore, we investigated whether A. muciniphila-conditioned medium (CM) could initiate alpha-synuclein (alpha Syn) misfolding in enteroendocrine cells (EEC) - a component of the gut epithelium featuring neuron-like properties. We found that A. muciniphila CM composition is influenced by the ability of the strain to degrade mucin. Our in vitro experiments showed that the protein-enriched fraction ofmucin-free CM induces RyR-mediated Ca2+ release and increased mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake leading to ROS generation and aSyn aggregation. Oral administration of A. muciniphila cultivated in the absence of mucin to mice led to alpha Syn aggregation in cholecystokinin (CCK)-positive EECs but no motor deficits were observed. Noteworthy, buffering mitochondrial Ca2+ reverted the damaging effects observed. These molecular insights offer evidence that bacterial proteins can induce alpha Syn aggregation in EECs.