The Citizen Initiative in Chile’s constitution-making (2021–2023): lessons from a participatory and digital mechanism in comparative perspective

Abstract

The Citizen Initiative (CI) in the context of the legislative process is now a common mechanism in different parts of Europe and Latin America. However, it is rarely used as aparticipatory formulainconstitution-makingprocesses. Thisarticledocumentsthecaseof the CI(Iniciativas Populares de Norma) in Chile’stwofailed constitution-making processes between2021and2023,duringwhichmorethanamillionpeopleactivelyparticipated inits formulation. The Chilean case matters for comparative constitutional studies due to its innovative use of technology to advance forms of digital democracy and the demonstrable impact of the CIstandards onboth constitutional proposals, which were ultimately rejected in the final national referendums. We argue that despite these rejections, the CI as a participatory mechanism is likely to endure over time and in future constitution-making processes. The article provides a detailed study of the Chilean experience and seeks to draw lessons for other countries’ attempts at participatory constitutional reform.