Interplay between brittle deformation, fluid-rock interaction and mineralization in hydrothermal systems from the Southern Andes

Abstract

The interactions between seismic activity, fluid flow and mineral precipitation exerts a first-order control on the strength and permeability of the crust and plays a critical role in promoting the development of hydrothermal systems and the formation of giant ore deposits. However the role of such interactions on the evolution of hydrothermal systems and its transient effects on mineralization is poorly constrained. This thesis contributes to establish the nature of the dynamic interplay between brittle deformation, heat-fluid-rock interaction and mineralization of hydrothermal systems in volcanic arcs. An ideal natural laboratory used to study such interplay is the Andean Cordillera of Central-Southern Chile, where hydrothermal systems occur in close spatial relationship with active volcanism as well as major seismically-active fault systems. The combination of regional-scale structural analysis of active geothermal areas with geochemical modeling of hot springs in the Villarrica Chihuio area in southern Chile unravel the role of crustal deformation in facilitating and inhibiting the development of geothermal systems. Results reveal the presence of two magmatic-tectonic-geothermal domains and indicate that the chemical evolution of hydrothermal fluids in the area is strongly dependent on structurally controlled mechanisms of heat transfer. This contribution provides new insights towards efficient exploration strategies of geothermal resources in Southern Andes. The high enthalpy, metal-rich active Tolhuaca geothermal system north of Villarica was studied in detail in order to (1) address how the interplay between seismic activity, heat-fluid rock interaction, fluid flow and mineral precipitation controls the physicochemical evolution of hydrothermal systems in the studied region and (2) analyze the transient effects of earthquake-triggered pressure perturbations on metal solubility and mineralization. To achieve this, a comprehensive structural and mineralogical analysis at field and drillhole scales was combined with geochemical and thermometric data of borehole fluids and fluid inclusions, and numerical simulations of fluid evolution and rock failure conditions. Results obtained from this study reveal that hydrothermal alteration modifies the response of rock to deformation at Tolhuaca, produces a vertical compartmentalization of the system and promotes the development of a clay-rich low permeability zone. Moreover, they indicate that the life span and thermal structure of this system were highly affected by the low-permeability zone developed on top. Furthermore, thermodynamic modeling of metal (gold) and mineral (silica) solubility at Tolhuaca reveals that the optimum physical and chemical conditions for metal precipitation are reached at liquid-saturated conditions with a saturated liquid temperature less than 310°C, under which small pressure changes triggered by transient fault-rupture can drop solubility several orders of magnitude. The observations resulting from the thesis not only provide new insights about how hydrothermal reservoirs develop through a combination of sustained heat and high permeability conditions that are strongly conditioned by active tectonics, but also unveil how hydrothermal systems evolve to maximize the efficiency earthquake-induced mineral precipitation.