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Análisis crítico de la jurisprudencia sobre el acceso a la información ambiental en materia acuícola
(Universidad de Chile, 2018)
7
INTRODUCCIÓN
Desde el año 1990, la explotación de la acuicultura ha crecido a pasos agigantados,
en concreto, el aumento sostenido desde aquel año alcanzó un 825% para el 20141. Hoy en día,
la exportación de salmónidos ubica a Chile como el...
acuicultura –en especial la salmonicultura- viene generando fuertes afectaciones a la biodiversidad de los ecosistemas de nuestros mares, ríos y lagos, debido a que “´[…]parte del alimento utilizado en los cultivos de salmones, junto con la materia fecal, se...
acuicultura –en especial la salmonicultura- viene generando fuertes afectaciones a la biodiversidad de los ecosistemas de nuestros mares, ríos y lagos, debido a que “´[…]parte del alimento utilizado en los cultivos de salmones, junto con la materia fecal, se...
Uso histórico de los servicios ecosistémicos en la Isla Grande de Chiloé, Región de los Lagos, Chile: una aproximación conceptual
(2019-06)
historia, debido a procesos de gran escala (e.g. cambio climático) y de escala local (e.g. la expansión de la acuicultura); resaltando el evento de marea roja denominado “Mayo chilote 2016” que incrementa la discusión y opinión pública sobre el uso de los...
This seminar proposes, through the study of a case study of the socio-ecological system of Isla Grande de Chiloé (Los Lagos region, Chile) for the period 1826 - 2016, that it is possible to integrate the Holling adaptive cycle and the theoretical framework of ecosystem services. This complex socio-ecological system has a unique context, in which there is a general perception in the community that ecosystems have suffered significant degradation over time due to the expansion of aquaculture; highlighting the red tide event called "Chilote May” in 2016, which increased the discussion and public opinion on the use of marine ecosystems, showing that human groups welfare inhabiting the island depends on the provision of ecosystem services. Considering that ecosystem services historically used by human societies could be a good indicator of the sustainability of socio-ecological systems, a socio-ecological history was reconstructed for Isla Grande de Chiloé, and from it. A conceptual model was developed integrating the historical use of ecosystem services in each identified phase for the adjusted model of the Holling adaptive cycle. It was determined the existence of six phases in the adaptive cycle, two of them collapse phases (Ω), where the socio-ecological resilience was low. The first was related to the catastrophe originated as the result of the 1960’s earthquake, and the last with the ISA Virus (2007). In both cases it is possible to observe a qualitative decrease in the use of ecosystem services. It is proposed that the study and understanding of the social-ecological dynamics of Isla Grande de Chiloé before internal and / or external disturbances, allows to characterize the socio-ecological resilience and from it, to understand the society-nature dynamics through time....
This seminar proposes, through the study of a case study of the socio-ecological system of Isla Grande de Chiloé (Los Lagos region, Chile) for the period 1826 - 2016, that it is possible to integrate the Holling adaptive cycle and the theoretical framework of ecosystem services. This complex socio-ecological system has a unique context, in which there is a general perception in the community that ecosystems have suffered significant degradation over time due to the expansion of aquaculture; highlighting the red tide event called "Chilote May” in 2016, which increased the discussion and public opinion on the use of marine ecosystems, showing that human groups welfare inhabiting the island depends on the provision of ecosystem services. Considering that ecosystem services historically used by human societies could be a good indicator of the sustainability of socio-ecological systems, a socio-ecological history was reconstructed for Isla Grande de Chiloé, and from it. A conceptual model was developed integrating the historical use of ecosystem services in each identified phase for the adjusted model of the Holling adaptive cycle. It was determined the existence of six phases in the adaptive cycle, two of them collapse phases (Ω), where the socio-ecological resilience was low. The first was related to the catastrophe originated as the result of the 1960’s earthquake, and the last with the ISA Virus (2007). In both cases it is possible to observe a qualitative decrease in the use of ecosystem services. It is proposed that the study and understanding of the social-ecological dynamics of Isla Grande de Chiloé before internal and / or external disturbances, allows to characterize the socio-ecological resilience and from it, to understand the society-nature dynamics through time....
Modificación de las condiciones de crianza y crecimiento en etapa larval y juvenil en pez cebra (Danio rerio)
(Universidad de Chile, 2011)
donde los resultados podrían aplicarse a peces de importancia acuícola. Un requisito indispensable para utilizar el pez cebra como modelo en acuicultura es generar un gran número de peces adultos, sin embargo, no se han establecido los protocolos...
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the most common vertebrates as a model organism in molecular and developmental biology, physiology and toxicology. Recently it has been proposed as a model organism in studies of nutrition and growth. However, have not been established protocols for larval rearing which makes it difficult to generate large numbers of adult fish, a prerequisite for using zebrafish as a model for aquaculture. Recently it has been proposed as a model organism in studies of nutrition and growth where the results could be applied to important fish in aquaculture. A prerequisite for using zebrafish as a model for aquaculture is to generate a large numbers of adult fish, however, have not established appropriate protocols for larval rearing which makes the task of generating plenty of adults. The survival of the larvae depends on both the supply and physicochemical conditions of the environment where they are, however, most of these parameters are relatively established only for the maintenance of adult fish. For example, the level of dissolved oxygen in the water in the larval stage has not been described. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for rearing larval zebrafish from 8 to 28 days post fertilization (dpf), once the transition occurs from larva to juvenile, and know the growth of the larvae until 98 dpf, prior to sexual maturity. We evaluated the survival of larvae exposed to a condition of no aeration and constant aeration in 24 families of fish during the first 28 dpf. We compared the growth rate of fish under constant aeration from 28 dpf to 98 dpf, fed with two experimental diets differing in protein source (animal v/s plant). Additionally, growth curves were obtained for fish fed with experimental diet based on animal protein and commercial food. The results indicate that increased mortality of fish larvae register under no aeration condition with a mortality 52.81% versus 4.95% in that population under constant aeration. In both trials, the highest mortality was recorded between 12 and 14 dpf, in addition to the treatment without aeration showed an increase in mortality between 22 and 25 dpf, probably due to environmental hypoxic conditions. Moreover, the populations fed diets differing in protein source had significantly higher values in weight and length in those fish fed with animal protein versus those fed plant protein (181.964 ± 62.952 mg and 15.963 ±1.862 mm versus 135.204 ± 55.701 mg versus 14.227 ± 2.340 mm). By comparing the growth curves for fish fed diet based on animal protein and commercial diet were fitted to potential model ( for growth, where that population fed commercial diet that showed greatest increases in weight and length (P > 0.05)....
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the most common vertebrates as a model organism in molecular and developmental biology, physiology and toxicology. Recently it has been proposed as a model organism in studies of nutrition and growth. However, have not been established protocols for larval rearing which makes it difficult to generate large numbers of adult fish, a prerequisite for using zebrafish as a model for aquaculture. Recently it has been proposed as a model organism in studies of nutrition and growth where the results could be applied to important fish in aquaculture. A prerequisite for using zebrafish as a model for aquaculture is to generate a large numbers of adult fish, however, have not established appropriate protocols for larval rearing which makes the task of generating plenty of adults. The survival of the larvae depends on both the supply and physicochemical conditions of the environment where they are, however, most of these parameters are relatively established only for the maintenance of adult fish. For example, the level of dissolved oxygen in the water in the larval stage has not been described. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for rearing larval zebrafish from 8 to 28 days post fertilization (dpf), once the transition occurs from larva to juvenile, and know the growth of the larvae until 98 dpf, prior to sexual maturity. We evaluated the survival of larvae exposed to a condition of no aeration and constant aeration in 24 families of fish during the first 28 dpf. We compared the growth rate of fish under constant aeration from 28 dpf to 98 dpf, fed with two experimental diets differing in protein source (animal v/s plant). Additionally, growth curves were obtained for fish fed with experimental diet based on animal protein and commercial food. The results indicate that increased mortality of fish larvae register under no aeration condition with a mortality 52.81% versus 4.95% in that population under constant aeration. In both trials, the highest mortality was recorded between 12 and 14 dpf, in addition to the treatment without aeration showed an increase in mortality between 22 and 25 dpf, probably due to environmental hypoxic conditions. Moreover, the populations fed diets differing in protein source had significantly higher values in weight and length in those fish fed with animal protein versus those fed plant protein (181.964 ± 62.952 mg and 15.963 ±1.862 mm versus 135.204 ± 55.701 mg versus 14.227 ± 2.340 mm). By comparing the growth curves for fish fed diet based on animal protein and commercial diet were fitted to potential model ( for growth, where that population fed commercial diet that showed greatest increases in weight and length (P > 0.05)....
Muelle productivo algal Bancos de Coihuin : "puesta en valor del paisaje cultural y productivo algal"
(Universidad de Chile, 2019)
acuicultura algal, las
tradiciones y técnicas alrededor de esta actividad
permanece hasta nuestros días utilizando los conocimientos
dejados por esos primeros recolectores
de orilla.
Hoy, sin embargo, la sobreexplotación y extracción
indiscriminada, debido a...
Estimación de la diversidad genética en Mytilus chilensis en distintos centros de captación de semillas y bancos naturales, y en una población de Mytilus galloprovincialis utilizando marcadores microsatélites
(Universidad de Chile, 2015)
de los recursos más prometedores en acuicultura, la información sobre su diversidad genética y estructura de los stocks disponibles es limitada. La diversidad genética en este estudio fue estimada usando cinco loci microsatélites en cuatro localidades...
The Chilean blue mussel or “chorito” Mytilus chilensis (Hupe, 1854) is a comercial importance specie that is distributed from Arauco (37° 14` 44.8`` S; 73° 18` 59.99`` W) to Punta Arenas (53 º09` 16.12`` S; 70º 54` 59.31`` W). Although it is one of the most promising resources for aquaculture the information about their genetic diversity and population structure of stocks is limited. Genetic diversity in this study was estimated using five microsatellite loci in four locations in the region of Los Lagos and one locality in the region of Magallanes y Antártica chilena along with a commercial reference sample of Mytilus galloprovinciallis obtained from Galicia, Spain. It was previously identified genus and species of the samples analyzed by the MusRFLP and ME 15 – ME 16 RFLP markers, respectively. In the identification of species along with individuals Mytilus chilensis, we detected possible hybrid individuals of Mytilus chilensis x Mytilus trossulus and Mytilus chilensis x Mytilus galloprovincialis, which is a strong evidence of the presence of more than one taxon on the Chilean coast. For population structure the Correspondency Factorial Analysis (CFA) shows the location Galicia (GA) separately from other Chilean locations, confirming that these samples belong to a population with a very different gene pool from Chilean locations. The overall FST value was 0.075 (7.5% of inter population variation) indicating low genetic differentiation is in the area under study in southern Chile, but significantly different from zero suggesting a detectable genetic structure....
The Chilean blue mussel or “chorito” Mytilus chilensis (Hupe, 1854) is a comercial importance specie that is distributed from Arauco (37° 14` 44.8`` S; 73° 18` 59.99`` W) to Punta Arenas (53 º09` 16.12`` S; 70º 54` 59.31`` W). Although it is one of the most promising resources for aquaculture the information about their genetic diversity and population structure of stocks is limited. Genetic diversity in this study was estimated using five microsatellite loci in four locations in the region of Los Lagos and one locality in the region of Magallanes y Antártica chilena along with a commercial reference sample of Mytilus galloprovinciallis obtained from Galicia, Spain. It was previously identified genus and species of the samples analyzed by the MusRFLP and ME 15 – ME 16 RFLP markers, respectively. In the identification of species along with individuals Mytilus chilensis, we detected possible hybrid individuals of Mytilus chilensis x Mytilus trossulus and Mytilus chilensis x Mytilus galloprovincialis, which is a strong evidence of the presence of more than one taxon on the Chilean coast. For population structure the Correspondency Factorial Analysis (CFA) shows the location Galicia (GA) separately from other Chilean locations, confirming that these samples belong to a population with a very different gene pool from Chilean locations. The overall FST value was 0.075 (7.5% of inter population variation) indicating low genetic differentiation is in the area under study in southern Chile, but significantly different from zero suggesting a detectable genetic structure....
Desarrollo de un material antifouling basado en polímero con partículas de cobre
(Universidad de Chile, 2016)
La acuicultura en Chile es el cuarto rubro exportador más importante, lo que ha hecho necesario el desarrollo de tecnologías que hagan más eficientes sus procesos. En particular, la proliferación de organismos sobre las mallas de cultivo (biofouling...
Estudio de los efectos e impactos del cambio climático mediante índices hidrológicos evaluados en eventos extremos en la cuenca del Río Bueno, Chile
(Universidad de Chile, 2021)
en Chile. Se determina que el principal problema de contaminación (actual) en la cuenca es la acción antrópica (e.g., acuicultura, descargas industriales y residuales) y, en segundo lugar, la contaminación natural debido a la lixiviación subterránea y...
Efecto de las levaduras Debaryomyces hanssnii 97 y Yarrowia lipolytica 242 en la motilidad del patógeno Vibrio anguillarum.
(Universidad de Chile., 2021)
El interés por el uso de probióticos en la acuicultura ha aumentado en los últimos años.
Dentro de los beneficios que otorgan se encuentra la protección del hospedero de
infecciones bacterianas. Las cepas Debaryomyces hansenii 97 y Yarrowia...
Interest in using probiotics in aquaculture has increased in the last years. Among the benefits they confer, one is protection of the host against bacterial infections. Debaryomyces hansenii 97 and Yarrowia lipolytica 242 are probiotic yeast strains capable of protecting zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae against Vibrio anguillarum infections. One of the pathogenic traits of this bacteria is its motility, which is required in the early stages of the infective process. Here, we investigated whether these strains could diminish this pathogen’s motility. We elaborated a mini review about the available techniques for the study of bacterial motility, highlighting the optimal techniques for host-related studies. In the laboratory, V. anguillarum PF4 was stained with the fluorophore 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl) aminofluorescein (DTAF) to observe in vivo motility and distribution inside zebrafish larvae. Although a low percentage of bacteria was stained with DTAF, it was still possible to observe the pathogen inside the zebrafish digestive tract. Nevertheless, it was not possible to visualize bacterial motility, partially due to the low resolution of the microscope used. Because of this, an in vitro motility assay was performed. The optimized protocol consisted in inoculating a drop of the pathogen’s culture on top of soft agar plates (0,36 %) supplemented with 13 % of cell-free supernatant of a 18 h culture of each yeast. The halo diameter was measured after 18 and 22 h of incubation. Our results showed that neither of the yeast strains modified the pathogen’s halo diameter. Therefore, the capacity of these strains to mitigate a V. anguillarum infection in zebrafish does not seem to be related to a reduction in the motility of this bacteria. Considering methodological limitations, performing additional experiments to rule out an in vivo effect in bacterial motility is suggested....
Interest in using probiotics in aquaculture has increased in the last years. Among the benefits they confer, one is protection of the host against bacterial infections. Debaryomyces hansenii 97 and Yarrowia lipolytica 242 are probiotic yeast strains capable of protecting zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae against Vibrio anguillarum infections. One of the pathogenic traits of this bacteria is its motility, which is required in the early stages of the infective process. Here, we investigated whether these strains could diminish this pathogen’s motility. We elaborated a mini review about the available techniques for the study of bacterial motility, highlighting the optimal techniques for host-related studies. In the laboratory, V. anguillarum PF4 was stained with the fluorophore 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl) aminofluorescein (DTAF) to observe in vivo motility and distribution inside zebrafish larvae. Although a low percentage of bacteria was stained with DTAF, it was still possible to observe the pathogen inside the zebrafish digestive tract. Nevertheless, it was not possible to visualize bacterial motility, partially due to the low resolution of the microscope used. Because of this, an in vitro motility assay was performed. The optimized protocol consisted in inoculating a drop of the pathogen’s culture on top of soft agar plates (0,36 %) supplemented with 13 % of cell-free supernatant of a 18 h culture of each yeast. The halo diameter was measured after 18 and 22 h of incubation. Our results showed that neither of the yeast strains modified the pathogen’s halo diameter. Therefore, the capacity of these strains to mitigate a V. anguillarum infection in zebrafish does not seem to be related to a reduction in the motility of this bacteria. Considering methodological limitations, performing additional experiments to rule out an in vivo effect in bacterial motility is suggested....
Método de "screening" mediante parafac para la determinación de quinolonas utilizando extracción por sorción en disco rotatorio
(Universidad de Chile, 2015)
presencia de otros productos
farmacéuticos utilizados en la acuicultura como oxitetraciclina (OTC)...
There is increasing concem about of emerging pollutants called EP, including antibiotics for veterinary use or human, as personal care products, that have been detected in different environmental comparfnents, without knowing the risks to health and tlre environment. Within the possible products released into RILES of the veterinary pharmaceutical industry in it is possible to find oxolinic acid (OXO) and flumequine (FL[I), belonging to the group of quinolones. In Chile they are used principally for the salmon industry. The antibiotics are extracting of the soluüon for sorption in a small rotating Teflon disc (diameter 15 mm) with a nylon membrane attached to of,e of its faces. The optimal extraction conditions was in mixed media MeOH / HCl as solvent, 30 min of exüaction, rotation speed 1500 rpm and addition of 15 pL of HCl. For the analysis was used espectrofluorometric methods, when the selected spectral variables were; "S1it" of excitation-emission 2.5 and l0 nm, respectively, and a excitation wavelength of 270.0 nmAfter the method optimization were obtained extacts containing FLU and OXO in MeOH at pH 2 from samples of distilled and drinking water using a nylon membrane. The nylon membrane containing the analyte was directly measured by speciofluorimety varying the excitation wavelength between 240-310 rm each 2 ttm, and the emission wavelengtl betwe et 287 -440 nm each 2 nm, being obtained the matrix of fluorescence eicitation-emission (FEEM), which were processed by applying parallel factor analysis @ARAFAC), without the need for a desorption step. xvI Since the spectra of FLU and OXO have the same form, it was not possible to deiermine or quantifu, why were compared with other two quinolones; (enrofloxacin (ENRO) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), with similar results. These preliminary results could proüde the basis for development proüde the basis for developing a method of "screening" to identify the overall content of these quinolones in a water sample being able performed even in the presence of other pharmaceuticals products used in aquaculture as orytetracycline (OTC)....
There is increasing concem about of emerging pollutants called EP, including antibiotics for veterinary use or human, as personal care products, that have been detected in different environmental comparfnents, without knowing the risks to health and tlre environment. Within the possible products released into RILES of the veterinary pharmaceutical industry in it is possible to find oxolinic acid (OXO) and flumequine (FL[I), belonging to the group of quinolones. In Chile they are used principally for the salmon industry. The antibiotics are extracting of the soluüon for sorption in a small rotating Teflon disc (diameter 15 mm) with a nylon membrane attached to of,e of its faces. The optimal extraction conditions was in mixed media MeOH / HCl as solvent, 30 min of exüaction, rotation speed 1500 rpm and addition of 15 pL of HCl. For the analysis was used espectrofluorometric methods, when the selected spectral variables were; "S1it" of excitation-emission 2.5 and l0 nm, respectively, and a excitation wavelength of 270.0 nmAfter the method optimization were obtained extacts containing FLU and OXO in MeOH at pH 2 from samples of distilled and drinking water using a nylon membrane. The nylon membrane containing the analyte was directly measured by speciofluorimety varying the excitation wavelength between 240-310 rm each 2 ttm, and the emission wavelengtl betwe et 287 -440 nm each 2 nm, being obtained the matrix of fluorescence eicitation-emission (FEEM), which were processed by applying parallel factor analysis @ARAFAC), without the need for a desorption step. xvI Since the spectra of FLU and OXO have the same form, it was not possible to deiermine or quantifu, why were compared with other two quinolones; (enrofloxacin (ENRO) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), with similar results. These preliminary results could proüde the basis for development proüde the basis for developing a method of "screening" to identify the overall content of these quinolones in a water sample being able performed even in the presence of other pharmaceuticals products used in aquaculture as orytetracycline (OTC)....
Aplicación de una nueva lacasa recombinante proveniente de Bacillus sp. FNT en la biodegradación de tres familias de antibióticos
(Universidad de Chile, 2023)
En ríos, lagos y océanos se ha detectado la presencia de diversas moléculas conocidas como “contaminantes de preocupación emergente”, las cuales provienen principalmente de la ganadería, acuicultura y del uso hospitalario y domiciliario de productos...
In rivers, lakes, and oceans the presence of various molecules known as “pollutants of emerging concern” has been detected. These compounds mainly come from livestock, aquaculture, and from the hospital and municipal use of pharmaceutical products. This environmental condition has been observed in many countries around the world, including Chile, where the presence of various drugs including antibiotics, has been detected in different water bodies, including the waters of Mapocho River. Worldwide, the use of antibiotics increases annually and with it the harmful effect of them on the environment. Different bioremediation methods have been implemented to deal with this problem, such as the use of enzymes such as laccases. In Fundación Biociencia it has been characterized from Bacillus sp. FNT a new thermoalkalophilic laccase with great potential to be applied in bioremediation. In the present work, the biodegradation capacity of this new laccase was evaluated through ecotoxicity tests in three families of antibiotics: tetracyclines, β-lactams and quinolones, at different pH, exposure times and temperatures, using acetosyringone (AS), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) and 2,2'-Azinobis-3-ethyl-benzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) as redox mediators. Through the use of reverse phase liquid chromatography (HPLC), the best degradation condition for the antibiotics under study was determined. Finally, the decrease in ecotoxicity was evaluated by biodegradation tests in the presence of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The results obtained indicate that at pH 6 and 7 the degradation was observed mainly in tetracyclines (TCs) in the presence of AS and ABTS. HPLC analysis indicated that this laccase is capable of degrading 80% TC in 2 h, and more than 40% of oxytetracycline (OTC) in 24 h of incubation with AS. On the other hand, ciprofloxacin (CIP) was degraded by 44% in the absence of a chemical mediator. Ecotoxicity assays demonstrated that FNT laccase was able to eliminate TC toxicity in both E. coli and B. subtilis cultures, after 24 h of incubation at 20°C. This study is the first report on the ability of FNT laccase to biodegrade the toxicity of antibiotics at concentrations higher than those presently reported existing in the environment....
In rivers, lakes, and oceans the presence of various molecules known as “pollutants of emerging concern” has been detected. These compounds mainly come from livestock, aquaculture, and from the hospital and municipal use of pharmaceutical products. This environmental condition has been observed in many countries around the world, including Chile, where the presence of various drugs including antibiotics, has been detected in different water bodies, including the waters of Mapocho River. Worldwide, the use of antibiotics increases annually and with it the harmful effect of them on the environment. Different bioremediation methods have been implemented to deal with this problem, such as the use of enzymes such as laccases. In Fundación Biociencia it has been characterized from Bacillus sp. FNT a new thermoalkalophilic laccase with great potential to be applied in bioremediation. In the present work, the biodegradation capacity of this new laccase was evaluated through ecotoxicity tests in three families of antibiotics: tetracyclines, β-lactams and quinolones, at different pH, exposure times and temperatures, using acetosyringone (AS), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) and 2,2'-Azinobis-3-ethyl-benzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) as redox mediators. Through the use of reverse phase liquid chromatography (HPLC), the best degradation condition for the antibiotics under study was determined. Finally, the decrease in ecotoxicity was evaluated by biodegradation tests in the presence of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The results obtained indicate that at pH 6 and 7 the degradation was observed mainly in tetracyclines (TCs) in the presence of AS and ABTS. HPLC analysis indicated that this laccase is capable of degrading 80% TC in 2 h, and more than 40% of oxytetracycline (OTC) in 24 h of incubation with AS. On the other hand, ciprofloxacin (CIP) was degraded by 44% in the absence of a chemical mediator. Ecotoxicity assays demonstrated that FNT laccase was able to eliminate TC toxicity in both E. coli and B. subtilis cultures, after 24 h of incubation at 20°C. This study is the first report on the ability of FNT laccase to biodegrade the toxicity of antibiotics at concentrations higher than those presently reported existing in the environment....