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Industria minera, contaminación de las aguas y derecho
(Universidad de Chile, 2000)
Participación ciudadana en la ley no. 19.300, sobre bases generales del medio ambiente
(Universidad de Chile, 2001)
El presente trabajo se ocupa de la "participación ciudadana" en la Ley No. 19.300, sobre Bases Generales del Medio Ambiente. Se divide en ocho capítulos, el primero de los cuales trata la relación entre participación ciudadana y régimen político...
Explorando los efectos de la contaminación con asimetría fluctuante y morfometría geométrica bajo un entramado ecológico-evolutivo complejo sobre dos especies putativas crípticas de Trichomycterus en la cuenca del Maipo
(Universidad de Chile, 2024)
utilizada como un bioindicador de salud individual y calidad de los hábitats. En este trabajo se buscó una asociación entre la AF y el estrés ambiental producido por exposición crónica a la contaminación durante el desarrollo. Para esto se utilizaron...
One measure to estimate perturbations that destabilize the natural process of development is fluctuating asymmetry (FA), which refers to small random deviations from the symmetry of a bilateral character, and can be used as a bioindicator of individual health and habitat quality. In this study, we investigated the association between FA and environmental stress induced by chronic exposure to pollution during development. To address this, we used catfishes of two genetic groups of Trichomycterus genus, coexisting in sympatry in the Maipo River basin—one of the most anthropized freshwater fluvial systems with varying degrees of contamination. We quantified FA in the cephalic shape of live adult fish photographed in both contaminated and less contaminated environments. To proceed, we utilized molecular data (SNPs) to identify individuals within each genetic group and estimated their morphological differentiation by extracting the biological shape of the head and analyzing body coloration patterns through quantitative and qualitative analyses. As a result, we confirmed the presence of two clearly differentiated genetic groups cohabiting in three of the four sampled sites within the Maipo River basin. Morphologically, no evident divergences were established between the groups, observing subtle differences in coloration patterns (spots) and the head shape, which became more pronounced when comparing more contrasting individuals in these aspects. For both groups, variable levels of fluctuating asymmetry were found, but they were not associated with environmental stress. Additionally, no differentiated sensitivity was observed between the two genetic groups of Trichomycterus when evaluating within and among the sampled localities. These results are consistent with other studies that have reported weak or absent relationships between these variables. In our case, this could be attributed to the catfish’s remarkable adaptability to disturbed environments and other factors not considered in the analyses, which may contribute to cumulative or synergistic effects on FA (e.g. sex, age range, inclusion of other morphological structures, and greater contrast in contamination levels). Consequently, the findings presented here highlight the importance of conducting field studies in natural systems, using as a model native species that inhabit stressful environments where they have demonstrated to settle and persist over time....
One measure to estimate perturbations that destabilize the natural process of development is fluctuating asymmetry (FA), which refers to small random deviations from the symmetry of a bilateral character, and can be used as a bioindicator of individual health and habitat quality. In this study, we investigated the association between FA and environmental stress induced by chronic exposure to pollution during development. To address this, we used catfishes of two genetic groups of Trichomycterus genus, coexisting in sympatry in the Maipo River basin—one of the most anthropized freshwater fluvial systems with varying degrees of contamination. We quantified FA in the cephalic shape of live adult fish photographed in both contaminated and less contaminated environments. To proceed, we utilized molecular data (SNPs) to identify individuals within each genetic group and estimated their morphological differentiation by extracting the biological shape of the head and analyzing body coloration patterns through quantitative and qualitative analyses. As a result, we confirmed the presence of two clearly differentiated genetic groups cohabiting in three of the four sampled sites within the Maipo River basin. Morphologically, no evident divergences were established between the groups, observing subtle differences in coloration patterns (spots) and the head shape, which became more pronounced when comparing more contrasting individuals in these aspects. For both groups, variable levels of fluctuating asymmetry were found, but they were not associated with environmental stress. Additionally, no differentiated sensitivity was observed between the two genetic groups of Trichomycterus when evaluating within and among the sampled localities. These results are consistent with other studies that have reported weak or absent relationships between these variables. In our case, this could be attributed to the catfish’s remarkable adaptability to disturbed environments and other factors not considered in the analyses, which may contribute to cumulative or synergistic effects on FA (e.g. sex, age range, inclusion of other morphological structures, and greater contrast in contamination levels). Consequently, the findings presented here highlight the importance of conducting field studies in natural systems, using as a model native species that inhabit stressful environments where they have demonstrated to settle and persist over time....
Distribución espacial de la contaminación por material particulado y su relación con las temperaturas de laire y los vientos en Santiago para el año 2009
(Universidad de Chile, 2012)
de
calor urbano.
Los cambios antes mencionados actúan como catalizadores de la degradación
ambiental y de la pérdida de funciones y servicios ambientales en los territorios donde
ocurren estos procesos. La contaminación atmosférica caracterizada por...
“Gobernanza ambiental: La construccio n polí tica (des)coordinada de la contaminacio n industrial en Maipu (1990-2020)”
(Universidad de Chile, 2023)
busca, a partir del uso de la observacio n siste mico-constructivista, caracterizar la gestio n de la gobernanza ambiental en Maipu , desde las polí ticas pu blicas, sobre la contaminacio n industrial desde 1990 a 2020; y reconocer las interrelaciones...
Efecto de la desigualdad en el medio ambiente: Análisis de una relación condicionada por el nivel de ingreso
(Universidad de Chile, 2023)
Esta tesis analiza el impacto del ingreso y la desigualdad en el desempe˜no ambiental.
Si bien el efecto de la desigualdad sobre el medio ambiente ha sido ampliamente estudiado,
los resultados de distintos autores llegan a resultados contradictorios...
Responsabilidad ambiental. ¿Es posible construir en Chile un sistema de responsabilidad objetiva, sobre la base del principio contaminador-pagador?
(Universidad de Chile, 2010)
tipo de responsabilidad a través de la incorporación de la Directiva 2004/35/CE, sobre Responsabilidad Ambiental en relación a la prevención y reparación de los daños ambientales en el derecho interno de los países miembros.
En el mismo sentido para...
Estudio de percepción pública nacional como fundamento para la protección ambiental y formulación de políticas públicas.
(Universidad de Chile, 2021)
este
motivo desde el año 2014, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente de Chile realizó un proceso
anual de recopilación de información, por medio de encuestas, de las percepciones
ciudadanas sobre temas medioambientales. Este seminario plantea caracterizar la...
Concern for environmental problems is not exclusive to the 21st century. In the 20th century, critical episodes of contamination were evident, like the case of the Meuse Valley in 1930, where episodes of contamination were associated to cases of mortality and morbidity. Cases like the previous example led governments to develop and implement regulations on pollutant emissions to protect the health of people and ecosystems. Chile is no stranger to environmental problems. Several cities have high levels of air pollution and there had been cases of water pollution, like the case of Río Cruces in 2004. Because there had been environmental problems, the governments had taken measures for their control. Examples in the normative are Atmospheric Prevention and Decontamination Plans (PPDA). To evaluate the effectiveness of every program they must be periodically reviewed. Public perception of public policies it’s a fundamental tool in the progress. For this reason, since 2014, the Ministry of the Environment of Chile, by using surveys, carried out an annual information gathering process on citizen perceptions on environmental issues. This work proposes to characterize the evolution of citizen perception on these issues and how it has influenced the application of public policies. For this, the National Environmental Surveys from 2014 to 2018 were analysed with various qualitative analyses (identification of common questions, when topics are included or excluded) and quantitative (relative frequency and use of the Jenks method for classifying groups). This analysis answered, among some questions: Do common questions exist between the surveys? How has citizen perception evolved? Have the surveys had any influence on the generation and /or implementation of subsequent public policies? Answering these questions will help to fill gaps of knowledge and to contribute to the validation processes of the country's environmental management. Several questions were used in more than one survey, but only 11 questions about public perception were used un every survey. Various questions were related to matters that had already been legislated and that could be improved. When comparing the effectiveness of a PPDA implementaed between the years 2014 to 2020 with variations in public perception, it was found that the PPDA do not tend to respond satisfactorily to the concerns of the citizens....
Concern for environmental problems is not exclusive to the 21st century. In the 20th century, critical episodes of contamination were evident, like the case of the Meuse Valley in 1930, where episodes of contamination were associated to cases of mortality and morbidity. Cases like the previous example led governments to develop and implement regulations on pollutant emissions to protect the health of people and ecosystems. Chile is no stranger to environmental problems. Several cities have high levels of air pollution and there had been cases of water pollution, like the case of Río Cruces in 2004. Because there had been environmental problems, the governments had taken measures for their control. Examples in the normative are Atmospheric Prevention and Decontamination Plans (PPDA). To evaluate the effectiveness of every program they must be periodically reviewed. Public perception of public policies it’s a fundamental tool in the progress. For this reason, since 2014, the Ministry of the Environment of Chile, by using surveys, carried out an annual information gathering process on citizen perceptions on environmental issues. This work proposes to characterize the evolution of citizen perception on these issues and how it has influenced the application of public policies. For this, the National Environmental Surveys from 2014 to 2018 were analysed with various qualitative analyses (identification of common questions, when topics are included or excluded) and quantitative (relative frequency and use of the Jenks method for classifying groups). This analysis answered, among some questions: Do common questions exist between the surveys? How has citizen perception evolved? Have the surveys had any influence on the generation and /or implementation of subsequent public policies? Answering these questions will help to fill gaps of knowledge and to contribute to the validation processes of the country's environmental management. Several questions were used in more than one survey, but only 11 questions about public perception were used un every survey. Various questions were related to matters that had already been legislated and that could be improved. When comparing the effectiveness of a PPDA implementaed between the years 2014 to 2020 with variations in public perception, it was found that the PPDA do not tend to respond satisfactorily to the concerns of the citizens....
Elementos base para la gestión ambiental de sitios contaminados con plomo y cadmio en Chile
(Universidad de Chile, 2010)
la
salud de la población y el medio ambiente. En base a esto se pretende disminuir los
riesgos asociados a la contaminación de suelos y aguas subterráneas, por lo que se debe
identificar los sitios con presencia de contaminantes, evaluar los riesgos...
The National Policy for the Management of Sites with the Presence of Contaminants corresponds to an environmental management instrument whose preparation was coordinated by CONAMA and was approved by the Board of Directors in August 2009. This instrument responds to the need to develop a set of actions that allow the creation of a management system that makes up for the existing deficiencies and strengthens what has been developed, including good practices, with the aim of minimizing the risks to the health of the population and the environment. Based on this, it is intended to reduce the risks associated with the contamination of soils and groundwater, for which the sites with the presence of contaminants must be identified, the risks they imply must be evaluated and those that present a greater risk must be remedied. The identification of these sites is considered the first stage of systematic management; being its main instrument a registration system, which allows to obtain a diagnosis of the contamination of these sites. For its part, at the international level, the United Nations Environment Program, UNEP, has put on the agenda for global discussion the negative impact caused by certain chemical elements, which generated a particular evaluation of metals such as: lead and cadmium. In general, the identification of possible sites with the presence of lead and cadmium is based on the main processes that emit them or products that contain them, among others. In this sense, it is necessary to scope out the existing gaps at the country level, in relation to the lack of knowledge about the harmful effects of these metals, both on the environment and on human health, which causes inappropriate handling of these metals. . It should be noted that these metals can be eliminated, recycled or replaced in an environmentally sustainable way. Based on the above, this work aims to be a tool that allows the relevant national authorities to guide and formulate actions associated with the evaluation of the risks and magnitude that these metals present to the health of people and the environment, and thus be able to subsequently evaluate control and correction measures when appropriate, at the national level...
The National Policy for the Management of Sites with the Presence of Contaminants corresponds to an environmental management instrument whose preparation was coordinated by CONAMA and was approved by the Board of Directors in August 2009. This instrument responds to the need to develop a set of actions that allow the creation of a management system that makes up for the existing deficiencies and strengthens what has been developed, including good practices, with the aim of minimizing the risks to the health of the population and the environment. Based on this, it is intended to reduce the risks associated with the contamination of soils and groundwater, for which the sites with the presence of contaminants must be identified, the risks they imply must be evaluated and those that present a greater risk must be remedied. The identification of these sites is considered the first stage of systematic management; being its main instrument a registration system, which allows to obtain a diagnosis of the contamination of these sites. For its part, at the international level, the United Nations Environment Program, UNEP, has put on the agenda for global discussion the negative impact caused by certain chemical elements, which generated a particular evaluation of metals such as: lead and cadmium. In general, the identification of possible sites with the presence of lead and cadmium is based on the main processes that emit them or products that contain them, among others. In this sense, it is necessary to scope out the existing gaps at the country level, in relation to the lack of knowledge about the harmful effects of these metals, both on the environment and on human health, which causes inappropriate handling of these metals. . It should be noted that these metals can be eliminated, recycled or replaced in an environmentally sustainable way. Based on the above, this work aims to be a tool that allows the relevant national authorities to guide and formulate actions associated with the evaluation of the risks and magnitude that these metals present to the health of people and the environment, and thus be able to subsequently evaluate control and correction measures when appropriate, at the national level...
De las acciones de interés público medioambiental y su aplicación en el ordenamiento jurídico chileno
(Universidad de Chile, 2021)
, Argentina, que trata sobre contaminación de ríos y Países Bajos, que atiende un alegato de la ciudadanía en contra del Estado para que estos reduzcan la emisión de agentes contaminantes. Dicho análisis es comparado con el caso Quintero-Puchuncaví, que trata...