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Role of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium effectors proteins SopB and SifA in the intracellular survival and modification of the vacuolar compartment in Dictyostelium discoideum

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2019-01
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Universidad de Chile. Escuela de Post-Grado
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Role of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium effectors proteins SopB and SifA in the intracellular survival and modification of the vacuolar compartment in Dictyostelium discoideum
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Author
  • Valenzuela Montenegro, Camila;
Professor Advisor
  • Santiviago Cid, Carlos;
  • ;
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is an enteric pathogen able to infect different animal hosts, including humans. In immunocompetent humans, S. Typhimurium mainly causes gastroenteritis, a disease characterized by an inflammatory diarrhoea with massive neutrophil infiltration in the ileum and colon. The infective cycle of Salmonella starts with the ingestion of bacteria that reach the small intestine and invade epithelial cells by its apical face. After crossing the epithelial barrier, bacteria are captured by phagocytic cells of the immune system present in the sub-epithelium, such as macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells, being contained within a membrane bound compartment. Here, Salmonella subverts the endocytic route, avoiding the fusion of this compartment with the lysosomes and generating the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). In this compartment, Salmonella is able to survive and replicate. The ability to modify this intracellular niche explains the ability of this pathogen to survive intracellularly. To carry out this process, Salmonella employs two Type Three Secretion Systems (T3SS) and an arsenal of secreted effector proteins in order to take control over the eukaryotic cell. An important aspect of Salmonella’s life cycle that has not been studied in detail is its survival in the environment, where bacteria are exposed to predation by protozoa, and specially by amoebae. These organisms are specialized phagocytes that feed on bacteria and fungi. To address this interaction, we and other groups use amoeba models to characterise the molecular processes involved in the survival of intracellular pathogens within environmental protozoa. Among these model organisms, the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is amenable for molecular analyses in laboratory settings and several tools have been developed in this organism for the study of different aspects of its interaction with bacterial pathogens. Recently, our group described that S. Typhimurium is able to survive intracellularly in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, and that mutants in genes required for virulence in other infection models present survival defects in this host. Despite of this, the mechanisms that allow the intracellular survival of this pathogen in this kind of organism have not been studied in detail. This Thesis proposed the characterization at the cellular level of this interaction, with a focus on two secreted effector proteins of S. Typhimurium that are directly related to SCV generation and modification in other cell models: SopB and SifA. Our results show that these effectors are needed for intracellular survival of S. Typhimurium in D. discoideum. Furthermore, by means of a combination of microscopy and proteomic analyses we were able to characterise the protein composition of the vacuolar compartment containing Salmonella in this host. Our results show that known markers linked to this compartment in other cell types and the autophagy machinery play a role in the biogenesis of this intracellular niche in D. discoideum.
 
Salmonella Typhimurium es un patogeno enterico que tiene la capacidad de infectar diversos hospederos animals, incluyendo el ser humano. En individuos inmunocompetentes, S. Typhimurium provoca gastroenteriris, una enfermedad diarreica inflamatoria caracterizada por la masiva infiltracion de neutrofilos en el ileon y el colon. El ciclo infectivo de Salmonella comienza con la ingestion de las bacterias que al llegar al intestino delgado invaden las celulas epiteliales por la cara apical. Luego de cruzar la barrera epitelial, las bacterias son capturadas por las celulas fagociticas del sistema inmune que residen en el sub-epitelio, como macrofagos, neutrofilos y celulas dendriticas, quedando contenida en un compartimento membranoso. En esta etapa, Salmonella interviene la ruta endocitica, evitando la fusion de este compartimento con el lisosoma y generando la vacuola contenedora de Salmonella (Salmonella-containing vacuole: SCV). En este compartimento, Salmonella es capaz de sobrevivir y replicarse. La habilidad de modificar este nicho intracelular explica la habilidad de este patogeno de sobrevivir intracelularmente. Para esto, Salmonella utiliza dos Sistemas de Secrecion Tipo Tres (Type Three Secretion Systems: T3SS) y un arsenal de proteinas efectoras secretadas para tomar control sobre la celula eucarionte. Por otra parte, un importante aspecto del ciclo de vida de Salmonella que no ha sido estudiado en detalle es su supervivencia en el ambiente, donde las bacterias se encuentran expuestas a la depredacion por protozoos y en particular, amebas. Estos organismos son fagocitos profesionales que se alimentan de bacteria y hongos. Recientemente, nuestro grupo describio que S. Typhimurium es capaz de sobrevivir intracelularmente en la ameba social Dictyostelium discoideum y que mutantes en genes requeridos para la virulencia en numerosos modelos de infeccion tambien presentan defectos de supervivencia en este hospedero. A pesar de esto, los mecanismos que le permiten a este patogeno en este tipo de organismo no han sido estudiado en detalle. Para entender esta interaccion, nosotros y otros grupos usamos modelos de ameba a fin de caracterizar los procesos moleculares involucrados en la supervivencia de patogenos intracelulares en el interior de protozoos ambientales. Dentro de estos organismos modelo, la ameba social Dictyostelium discoideum es sencilla para el analisis molecular en condiciones de laboratorio. Por otra parte, numerosas herramientas se han desarrollado en este organismo para el estudio de diversos aspectos de su interaccion con patogenos bacterianos. Esta Tesis propuso caracterizar a nivel cellular esta interaccion, enfocandonos en dos proteinas efectoras secretadas de S. Typhimurium que estan directamente relacionadas a la formacion y modificacion de la SCV en otros modelos celulares: SopB y SifA. Nuestros resultados muestran que estos efectores son necesarios para que S. Typhimurium sobreviva intracelularmente en D. discoideum. Adicionalmente, mediante una combinacion de tecnicas de microscopia y analisis proteomicos pudimos caracterizar la composicion proteica de este compartimento vacuolar que contiene a Salmonella en este hospedero. Nuestros resultados muestran que marcadores asociados a la SCV en otras lineas celulares se encuentran en elcompartimento que se genera en D. discoideum y que la maquinaria de autofagia juega un rol importante en la biogenesis de este nicho intracelular en D. discoideum.
 
General note
Tesis entregada a la Universidad de Chile en cumplimiento parcial de los requisitos para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias con Mención Microbiología.
Patrocinador
FONDECYT grants 1140754 y 1171844, CONICYT Doctoral Fellowship 21140615.
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URI: https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/159544
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