Survey of the types of stowage used in refrigerated containers for the transport of export fresh fruit

Abstract

The maintenance of cold chain and temperature uniformity during transport of fresh fruit are critical factors to extend shelf life and maintain quality to reach distant international markets. The types of load patterns in a full load 12-m refrigerated containers using the stowage plans recommended by 5 top ten shipping lines and a new pattern were investigated. The container internal loading areas, type and size of pallets, and corners thickness were measured. The dimensions of 3 types of pallets used by the fruit industry were measured: 1016×1220 (American), 1000×1200 (Metric) and 800×1200 mm (Euro). The free area generated in the container floor cargo area was calculated considering the difference of total load area of the container and the areas occupied by the loaded pallets, including corners. The most common stowage plans were “9×11” and “Blocks of 4” with some modifications. Results show that the load area occupancy and the free area generated in the container floor vary depending mainly on the types of pallets used. Moreover, the free area in the container floor of a same pallet dimension varies depending of the type of dunnage used, and in most of the shipping companies is overlooked and not considered. Free areas in different positions of the container could be generated from incorrect installation of cardboard covering the free T-floor and the different openings where the air can escape, especially in areas close to the refrigeration unit, generating short cycles, decreasing the air circulation close to the door area, affecting the proper air temperature throughout the container. A more efficient stowage pattern is presented.