Impact of smoking on gingival inflammation in representative samples of three South American cities
Author
dc.contributor.author
Rösing, Cassiano Kuchenbecker
Author
dc.contributor.author
Gomes, Sabrina Carvalho
Author
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Carvajal Pavez, Paola
Author
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Gómez, Mariel
Author
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Costa, Ricardo
Author
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Toledo, Andrés
Author
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Solanes, Fernando
Author
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Romanelli, Hugo
Author
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Gamonal Aravena, Jorge Antonio
Author
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Oppermann, Rui Vicente
Admission date
dc.date.accessioned
2019-10-14T15:41:01Z
Available date
dc.date.available
2019-10-14T15:41:01Z
Publication date
dc.date.issued
2019
Cita de ítem
dc.identifier.citation
Brazilian Oral Research, 2019;33:e090
Identifier
dc.identifier.issn
18073107
Identifier
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10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0090
Identifier
dc.identifier.uri
https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/171512
Abstract
dc.description.abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of
smoking on gingival inflammation in a representative sample of
1,650 adults from Santiago (Chile), Porto Alegre (Brazil), and Tucumán
(Argentina). A questionnaire was administered to participants
to gather demographic and behavioral characteristics, including
smoking habits. The participants were clinically examined to obtain
gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), visible plaque
index (VPI), and calculus presence values. Gingival inflammation was
defined as a mean GI > 0.5. Heavy smokers presented significantly
lower levels of gingival inflammation, as reflected by both GI and
GBI, than both light and moderate smokers, despite their having
increased amounts of plaque and calculus. Being 50 years old or
older [odds ratio (OR), 1.93], a VPI ≥ 30% (OR, 28.1), and self-reported
diabetes (OR, 2.79) were positively associated with detection of
gingival inflammation. In conclusion, the occurrence of clinically
detectable gingival inflammation was lower in heavy smokers than
light and moderate smokers. Older age, diabetes, and visible plaque
emerged as risk indicators of gingivitis. Plaque and gingival indices
are significantly associated regardless of the smoking status.