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The Evolution of HoxD-11 Expression in the Bird Wing: Insights from Alligator mississippiensis

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2008-10-03
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Vargas, Alexander O.
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The Evolution of HoxD-11 Expression in the Bird Wing: Insights from Alligator mississippiensis
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  • Vargas, Alexander O.;
  • Kohlsdorf, Tiana;
  • Fallon, John F.;
  • VandenBrooks, John;
  • Wagner, Günter P.;
Abstract
Background: Comparative morphology identifies the digits of the wing of birds as 1,2 and 3, but they develop at embryological positions that become digits 2, 3 and 4 in other amniotes. A hypothesis to explain this is that a homeotic frame shift of digital identity occurred in the evolution of the bird wing, such that digits 1,2 and 3 are developing from embryological positions 2, 3 and 4. Digit 1 of the mouse is the only digit that shows no late expression of HoxD-11. This is also true for the anterior digit of the bird wing, suggesting this digit is actually a digit 1. If this is the case, we can expect closer relatives of birds to show no HoxD-11 expression only in digit 1. To test this prediction we investigate HoxD-11 expression in crocodilians, the closest living relatives of birds. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using degenerate primers we cloned a 606 nucleotide fragment of exon 1 of the alligator HoxD-11 gene and used it for whole-mount in-situ detection in alligator embryos. We found that in the pentadactyl forelimbs of alligator, as in the mouse, late expression of HoxD-11 is absent only in digit 1. Conclusions/Significance: The ancestral condition for amniotes is that late-phase HoxD-11 expression is absent only in digit 1. The biphalangeal morphology and lack of HoxD-11 expression of the anterior digit of the wing is like digit 1 of alligator and mouse, but its embryological position as digit 2 is derived. HoxD-11 expression in alligator is consistent with the hypothesis that both digit morphology as well as HoxD-11 expression are shifted towards posterior in the bird wing.
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Financial support came from NSF grant IOB 002488. Alexander Vargas is a fellow of PEW Latin American Program of fellowships in Biomedical sciences.
Identifier
URI: https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/119168
ISSN: 1932-6203
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PLOS ONE, Volume: 3, Issue: 10, Article Number: e3325, 2008
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