Ultra-processed food consumption and breast cancer risk
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2020
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Objectives: The consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been linked to an increased risk of cancer in western populations,
particularly for breast cancer (BC). Although the consumption of UPF is increasing rapidly in Latin American (LA) populations too,
there has been no evaluation of its association with BC among LA women, where 20% of the BC cases present at ages younger than 45
years. We therefore evaluated the role of UPF intake on BC risk in young women participating in the Latin American PRECAMA
study.
Methods: The PRECAMA study is an ongoing study coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and
involves scientific teams in four LA countries (Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica and Mexico); 406 incident BC cases and population based
controls aged 20–45 years are recruited. Trained nurses administered a lifestyle and food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), conducted
anthropometric measurements and collected biological samples. Tumour receptor status are determined in a centralized laboratory.
UPF consumption was estimated by applying the NOVA classification to the dietary consumption data obtained via the FFQs. The
association of the consumption of UPF and BC was determined using conditional logistic regression analysis adjusting for potential
confounding factors.
Results: The median age at recruitment was 40 years. The median percentage of calories from UPF was 24% (10th to 90th percentile: 9
to 43%). UPF intake was positively associated with BC risk (OR for tertiles 2 and 3 in comparison with tertile 1 were 1.84 (95% CI
1.21 -2.81) and 1.69 (95% CI 0.99 -2.89) respectively). Among the UPF most strongly associated with BC, we identified the intake of
industrial bread, packaged sweet and savoury snacks, breakfast cereals, cakes and desserts, and ready-eat/fast food. Comparing the 3rd
with the 1st tertile of energy intake from the UPF group “fast food” the OR for BC risk was 1.93 (95% CI 1.23–3.04).
Discussion: Our results show positive associations between the consumption of UPF and BC risk in young women in LA. Therefore,
global actions to decrease UPF intakes are urgently needed to address the cancer burden. In addition, further studies are needed to
disentangle mechanisms relating UPF intake and carcinogenic processes in the breast. The European Prospective Investigation into
Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study, a large-scale cohort including ∼500,000 participants and 18,814 BC cases will be used to unravel
the mechanistic pathways underlying these positive associations between the consumption of UPF and BC risk.
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Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2020), 79 (OCE2), E182
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